The Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) is scheduled for launch in February 2020 to monitor air quality (AQ) at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution from a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) for the first time. With the development of UV–visible spectrometers at sub-nm spectral resolution and sophisticated retrieval algorithms, estimates of the column amounts of atmospheric pollutants (O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, CHOCHO, and aerosols) can be obtained. To date, all the UV–visible satellite missions monitoring air quality have been in low Earth orbit (LEO), allowing one to two observations per day. With UV–visible instruments on GEO platforms, the diurnal variations of these pollutants can now be determined. Details of the GEMS mission are presented, including instrumentation, scientific algorithms, predicted performance, and applications for air quality forecasts through data assimilation. GEMS will be on board the Geostationary Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite 2 (GEO-KOMPSAT-2) satellite series, which also hosts the Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) and Geostationary Ocean Color Imager 2 (GOCI-2). These three instruments will provide synergistic science products to better understand air quality, meteorology, the long-range transport of air pollutants, emission source distributions, and chemical processes. Faster sampling rates at higher spatial resolution will increase the probability of finding cloud-free pixels, leading to more observations of aerosols and trace gases than is possible from LEO. GEMS will be joined by NASA’s Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) and ESA’s Sentinel-4 to form a GEO AQ satellite constellation in early 2020s, coordinated by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS).

Abstract. Systematic analyses of interannual and seasonal variations of tropospheric NO 2 vertical column densities (VCDs) based on GOME satellite data and the regional scale chemical transport model (CTM), Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ), are presented for the atmosphere over eastern Asia between 1996 and June 2003. A newly developed year-by-year emission inventory (REAS) was used in CMAQ. The horizontal distribution of annual averaged GOME NO 2 VCDs generally agrees well with the CMAQ results. However, CMAQ/REAS results underestimate the GOME retrievals with factors of 2-4 over polluted industrial regions such as Central East China (CEC), a major part of Korea, Hong Kong, and central and western Japan. The most probable reasons for the underestimation typically over the CEC are accuracy of the basic energy statistic data, emission factors, and socio-economic data used for construction of emission inventory. For the Japan region, GOME and CMAQ NO 2 data show reasonable agreement with respect to interannual variation and show no clear increasing trend. For CEC, GOME and CMAQ NO 2 data indicate a very rapid increasing trend from 2000. Analyses of the seasonal cycle of NO 2 VCDs show that GOME data have larger dips than CMAQ NO 2 during February-April and September-November. Sensitivity experiments with fixed emission intensity reveal that the detection of emission trends from satellite in fall or winter has a larger error caused by the variability of meteorology. Examination during summer time and annual averaged NO 2 VCDs are robust with respect to variability of meteoCorrespondence to: I. Uno (uno@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp) rology and are therefore more suitable for analyses of emission trends. Analysis of recent trends of annual emissions in China shows that the increasing trends of 1996-1998 and 2000-2002 for GOME and CMAQ/REAS show good agreement, but the rate of increase by GOME is approximately 10-11% yr −1 after 2000; it is slightly steeper than CMAQ/REAS (8-9% yr −1 ). The greatest difference was apparent between the years 1998 and 2000: CMAQ/REAS only shows a few percentage points of increase, whereas GOME gives a greater than 8% yr −1 increase. The exact reason remains unclear, but the most likely explanation is that the emission trend based on the Chinese emission related statistics underestimates the rapid growth of emissions.

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Delhi, a tropical indian megacity, experiences one of the most severe air pollution in the world, linked with diverse anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. First phase of COVID-19 lockdown in India, implemented during 25 March to 14 April 2020 resulted in a dramatic near-zeroing of various activities (e.g. traffic, industries, constructions), except the "essential services". Here, we analysed variations in the fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) over the Delhi-National Capital Region. Measurements revealed large reductions (by 40-70%) in PM 2.5 during the first week of lockdown (25-31 March 2020) as compared to the pre-lockdown conditions. However, O 3 pollution remained high during the lockdown due to non-linear chemistry and dynamics under low aerosol loading. Notably, events of enhanced pM 2.5 levels (300-400 µg m −3) were observed during night and early morning hours in the first week of April after air temperatures fell close to the dew-point (~ 15-17 °C). A haze formation mechanism is suggested through uplifting of fine particles, which is reinforced by condensation of moisture following the sunrise. The study highlights a highly complex interplay between the baseline pollution and meteorology leading to counter intuitive enhancements in pollution, besides an overall improvement in air quality during the COVID-19 lockdown in this part of the world. The pandemic due to spread of novel Corona virus, commonly known as the COVID-19, has led to partial or complete lockdown in several countries around the world. The spread of deadly virus has caused deaths estimated to more than two hundred thousand people over a period of December 2019-April 2020. However, air pollutants and COVID-19 are linked to have played a major role in huge number of deaths 1,2. In order to contain its impact in India, the first phase of complete lockdown imposed from 25 March to 14 April 2020, which was further extended till 03 May 2020. As a result, the transport, construction works, industries and other commercial activities, which could have injected pollutants or produce dust, are stopped and remained at its minimal level. Unprecedented reductions in anthropogenic activities yielded to very low values of emissions resulting in significantly improved air quality over the Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR) [up to 50% reduction in fine particle

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Ozone molecules are photolyzed in the strong photoabsorption band of the Hartley band at 230–308 nm, and the O(3Pj) photofragments produced by the photolysis are detected directly by a technique of laser‐induced fluorescence around 130 nm. The quantum yield values for O(1D) formation in the photolysis of ozone at 297 ± 2 K are determined as a function of the photolysis wavelength, using the O(1D) quantum yield value of 0.79 at 308 nm as a reference. The O(1D) quantum yield values obtained are found to be almost independent of the photolysis wavelength over the Hartley band (∼0.91). The results are compared with the values measured previously using various experimental techniques and also with the recommendation values for use in atmospheric modeling. The effects of the present yield data on the O(1D) production rates from ozone photolysis in the stratosphere are evaluated. Impact of our new O(1D) quantum yield values on the stratospheric chemistry has also been explored using a one‐dimensional photochemical model. The smaller O(1D) production rates as compared to the latest NASA/JPL recommendation values are followed by changes in the efficiency of the chemical chain reactions involving HOx, NOx, and ClOx and result in the higher O3 concentrations throughout the stratosphere.

The Thermal and Near-infrared Sensor for Carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on board the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) simultaneously observes column abundances and profiles of CH 4 in the same field of view, from the shortwave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) bands, respectively. We compared CH 4 column-averaged dry-air mole fractions (XCH 4 ) derived from the SWIR band, XCH 4 calculated from the TIR CH 4 profiles, and XCH 4 calculated from the CH 4 data obtained over Guam airport by commercial aircraft. The difference between the SWIR-XCH 4 and aircraft XCH 4 values (SWIR − aircraft) was −8 ppbv on average, and the 1σ standard deviation was 10 ppbv. The average difference between the TIR-XCH 4 and aircraft XCH 4 values (TIR − aircraft) was −5 ppbv, and the 1σ standard deviation was 15 ppbv. The ranges of uncertainties in the calculated aircraft XCH 4 values were estimated to be 9, 3, and 2 ppbv, which came from stratospheric CH 4 assumption, tropopause height determination, and meteorological dataset used, respectively. Both the SWIR-and TIR-XCH 4 values agreed within 0.5% of the aircraft XCH 4 values, demonstrating that the GOSAT CH 4 data are both valid and consistent with each other over the tropical ocean.

[1] The Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) captured many polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) events in the Northern Hemisphere during the winter and early spring of 1997. Simultaneous measurements of nitric acid and aerosols by ILAS made it possible to infer PSC composition. The aerosol extinction coefficient and nitric acid data were compared with the theoretically predicted values for supercooled ternary solution (STS), nitric acid dihydrate (NAD), and nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) at thermodynamic equilibrium to classify PSC types. The observations showed that in 1997, both nitric-acid-containing solid and liquid PSCs formed over the Arctic during winter and early spring, until mid-March. The STS PSCs were observed early in the PSC season, in mid-January. Most of the PSCs observed late in the PSC season had features of nitric-acid-containing hydrates. An intensive analysis of the temperature histories suggested that most of the STS events observed in January had experienced the thermal conditions necessary for the formation of liquid PSCs. The nitric-acidcontaining hydrates observed in March seemed not to have been influenced by any mountain-induced lee waves. The process of nitric-acid-containing hydrate formation based on synoptic scale temperature change is discussed.