Contents § 1. Introduction and summary 1.1. Viewpoint of cluster correlations in non-alpha-nuclei 1.2. Interactions between few-nucleon clusters 1.3. Motion of individual nucleons in molecule-like nuclei 1.4. Multi-cluster model for non-alpha-nuclei 1.5. Alpha and three-nucleon cluster states in lightest sd-shell and A=15 nuclei § 2. Interactions between few-nucleon clusters 2.1. Realistic effective nuclear potentials 2.2. N-a interaction 2.3. d-a interaction and distortion effect of deuteron 2.4. Excited states in A=4 system with 3N+N cluster model § 3. Molecular structure in the 8 Be-core region 3.1. Motion of a nucleon around a 8 Be·core 3.2. Molecular orbital model . Structure of 9 Be nucleus 3.4. Structure of 10 B nucleus 3.5. Structure of neutron-rich Be-and B-isotopes § 4. Three-cluster model of the A=lO and 11 nuclei 4.1. Orthogonality condition model § 5. 4.2. 2a + t cluster model of 11 B nucleus 4.3. 2a+d cluster model of 10 B and 10 Be nuclei 4.4. Effect of the complete antisymmetrization Alpha and three-nucleon cluster states in lightest nuclei 5.1. Structure of A=19 nuclei 5.2. Structure of A=l8 nuclei 5.3. Structure of A=l7 nuclei 5.4. Structure of A=l5 nuclei § 1. Introduction and summary sd-shell 1.1. Viewpoint of cluster correlations in non-alpha-nuclei and A=151.1.1. The light nuclei (we consider in this chapter the P-shell and lightest sd-shell nuclei) have a relatively small number of nucleons, and their characters vary remarkably from nucleus to nucleus, showing strong individuality. Even in these light nuclei we see the persistency of saturation property which is considered a fundamental property of overall nuclei. In light nuclei, the saturation property emerges through formation of the acluster as a saturating subunit. This is the fundamental aspect prescribing the characteristics of light nuclei. The basic viewpoint of a-cluster structure in light nuclei has been presented in Ref. 1). As stated in detail in the previous chapter, 2 l recent investigations on light a-nuclei 3 l~el exhibit a remarkable success of the a-cluster model, which provides us with a comprehensive understanding of nuclear structure including quite high excited states, where coexistence of the shell and cluster structures and structure change between them can be understood in a unified way. Now we naturally proceed to an extensive investigation of non-a-nuclei from the cluster-model viewpoint. 1.1.2.The structure of light nuclei has been explained mostly in terms of the intermediate-coupling shell model or the deformed shell model, like the Nilsson model and the deformed Hartree-Fock method. They assume the formation of a static one-center single-particle field. The 9 Be nucleus, on the other hand, has long been considered a prototype of the molecule-like structure of nuclei, in which two a-particles constitute a stable dumbbell-like core and a remaining (valence) neutron moves on a single-particle orbital at NERL on May 26, 2015 http://ptps.oxfordjournals.org/ Downloaded from tion, which is an "elementary interaction...
Three types of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), which converts a protein arginine residue to a citrulline residue, are widely distributed in animal tissues. Little is known about PAD of hemopoietic cells. We found that PAD activity in human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells was induced with the granulocyte-inducing agents retinoic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide and with the monocyteinducing agent 1␣,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . We cloned and characterized a PAD cDNA from retinoic acid-induced cells. The cDNA was 2,238 base pairs long and encoded a 663-amino acid polypeptide. The HL-60 PAD had 50 -55% amino acid sequence identities with the three known enzymes and 73% identity with the recently cloned keratinocyte PAD. The recombinant enzyme differs in kinetic properties from the known enzymes. Immunoblotting and Northern blotting with an antiserum against the enzyme and the cDNA, respectively, showed that a protein of approximately 67 kDa increased concomitantly with increase of mRNA of approximately 2.6 kilobases during granulocyte differentiation. During monocyte differentiation the same mRNA and protein increased as in granulocyte differentiation. Neither the enzyme activity nor the protein was found in macrophageinduced cells. These results suggested that expression of the PAD gene is tightly linked to myeloid differentiation.Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) 1 (protein-arginine deiminase, protein L-arginine iminohydrolase, EC 3.5.3.15) are a family of post-translational modification enzymes which convert arginine residues to citrulline residues in the presence of calcium ion. Enzymatic deimination in vitro changes the functional properties of various proteins and alters their secondary and tertiary structures (1-4). Deimination of keratins, filaggrin, and trichohyalin is involved in the process of keratinization of skin and hair (4 -9). Deiminated keratins and filaggrin are found in the cornified layer of the epidermis and deiminated trichohyalin is localized in the medulla of hair and the inner root sheath of hair follicles and these modifications are tightly linked to cell-specific stages of epidermis differentiation and hair follicle development (5-9). Extensively deiminated forms of myelin basic protein are also found in normal infant brain and in demyelinated areas of brain with multiple sclerosis, and this deimination is thought to be associated with immature myelination (10, 11). We reported a correlation between deimination of vimentin in mouse peritoneal macrophages and ionomycin-induced apoptosis (12). Deimination of a 70-kDa nuclear protein in cultured keratinocytes associated with apoptosis was also reported recently (13). All these findings suggest involvements of PAD in biological as well as pathological processes. There are at least three types of PAD in various rodent tissues which seem to be cell type specific (3, 14 -16). Their substrate specificities for BAEE and Bz-L-Arg and their antigenic properties are different. PAD type II purified from rat muscle has been well characterized. It is also pres...
Three-body effects, which are effects of three-body force and three-hotly correlation, are introduced into the two-body nuclear force in a semi-phenomenological way to reproduce the nuclear saturation over all nuclei by the lowest order Brueckner theory. On the hasis of the reaction matrix calculation of nuclear matter with this two-body force including the three· body effects, a new effective potential is proposed which includes two independent parameters, namely, nuclear density and starting-energy. Because of the effect of three-body force, this effective potential is more attractive in the 'E state, compared with the usual one, and assures overall saturation without any artificial modification. The starting-energy dependence of the effective potential is also strengthened by the three-body force. The starting-energy dependence is found to work well for nuclear saturation together with the density dependence. Present density dependence is weaker than that of the usual clensity dependent effective potentials. The effective potential is decomposed into central, spin-orbit and tensor components. § I. IntroductionOn the basis of the realistic nuclear force, properties of nuclear matter and finite nuclei have been investigated and fruitful successes are accumulated. 1 l In particular, the Density-Dependent Hartree-Fock method (DDHF) has yielded remarkably good results for binding energies, density distributions, single particle energies and compressibilities of some finite nuclei.'J However, it should be noted that effective potentials used in DDHF are artificially adjusted by arbitrary factors to reproduce the nuclear saturation. This would be a weak point of DDHF to be investigated.In the reaction matrix theory, 3 l realistic two-body forces ensure about 10"'"' 12MeV I A for the binding energy of nuclear matter, while the empirical value is 16 MeV I A. It is also known from many calculations that with only the two-body force we could not reproduce the empirical binding energy and saturation density simultaneously.") Tamagaki 5 l pointed out this fact and Coester et al. 6 l showed that sufficient binding energy would be obtained only at too high equilibrium density as far as we use two-body forces. Thus it is necessary to seek for some origins which give an additional binding and shift the equilibrium density to the empirical one. Two of the present authors (T.K. and Y.A.) and co-vvorkersn.sJ have pointed at University of British Columbia on June 18, 2015 http://ptp.oxfordjournals.org/ Downloaded from
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