Our findings suggest that TE are associated with significantly increased prevalence of alcohol and anxiety comorbidity as well as lower BDNF levels in bipolar patients. It is possible that a decrease in BDNF levels may account for increased comorbidity, but further prospective studies are required to confirm this.

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Turner syndrome (TS; ORPHA 881) is a rare condition in which all or part of one X chromosome is absent from some or all cells. It affects approximately one in every 1/2500 liveborn girls. The most frequently observed karyotypes are 45,X (40–50%) and the 45,X/46,XX mosaic karyotype (15–25%). Karyotypes with an X isochromosome (45,X/46,isoXq or 45,X/46,isoXp), a Y chromosome, X ring chromosome or deletions of the X chromosome are less frequent. The objective of the French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (PNDS; Protocole National de Diagnostic et de Soins) is to provide health professionals with information about the optimal management and care for patients, based on a critical literature review and multidisciplinary expert consensus. The PNDS, written by members of the French National Reference Center for Rare Growth and Developmental Endocrine disorders, is available from the French Health Authority website. Turner Syndrome is associated with several phenotypic conditions and a higher risk of comorbidity. The most frequently reported features are growth retardation with short adult stature and gonadal dysgenesis. TS may be associated with various congenital (heart and kidney) or acquired diseases (autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, hearing loss, overweight/obesity, glucose intolerance/type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular complications and liver dysfunction). Most of the clinical traits of TS are due to the haploinsufficiency of various genes on the X chromosome, particularly those in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR 1 and PAR 2), which normally escape the physiological process of X inactivation, although other regions may also be implicated. The management of patients with TS requires collaboration between several healthcare providers. The attending physician, in collaboration with the national care network, will ensure that the patient receives optimal care through regular follow-up and screening. The various elements of this PNDS are designed to provide such support.

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Après une revue de la littérature concernant l’attachement chez l’enfant sourd, nous présentons une réflexion sur l’apport de ce modèle théorique pour mieux comprendre la clinique hétérogène et singulière de la surdité infantile avec comorbidités. À partir de deux situations issues de cette clinique, nous interrogeons l’intrication des troubles d’attachement et des troubles du neurodéveloppement dans cette population. Partant d’un référentiel théorique psychanalytique, cette étude de la théorie de l’attachement a permis un renouvellement de notre questionnement clinique.