Background Healthcare waste management is a serious issue in context of developing countries. Better assessment of both risks and effects of exposure would permit improvements in the management of healthcare waste. However, there is not yet clear understanding of risks, and as consequences, inadequate management practices are often implemented.

Background: Adolescents are highly vulnerable to psychiatric disorders, which often have serious negative consequences for their academic achievement and potential social life. The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted to identify the emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents using cluster sampling technique. Assessment was done on students of grade 7-11 from two schools in city in Nepal using self-administered questionnaire, Youth Self-Report (YSR-11/18) 2001, developed by Achenbach System of Empirical Based Assessment and self developed socio-demographic questionnaires. Data was coded and analyzed using SPSS (20). Descriptive statistic and inferential statistic (Chi square, Fisher Exact and Odds ratio-OR) were used to analyze data.Results: Altogether 330 adolescents were enrolled in study with mean age 14.3 yrs (range 11-18, male-152, female-178). Prevalence of EBPs was 30.0% (Male-38.8% female-22.5%). Internalizing problems (35.8%) were more common than externalizing (18.5%). Occurrence of EBPs was significantly associated with Sex (OR= 2.2 p=0.001), type of family (OR=1.8 p=0.035) and types of school (private: public OR=2.1 p=0.004).Among narrow band scales most common problems were social (17.6%), thought (15.5%), somatic (13%), anxious depression (12.1%) and aggression(10.3%). There was significant association between sex with EBPs on narrow band scales, male adolescents were more likely to have thought-problem (OR=3.7 p=<0.001, rule-breaking problem (OR=8.5, p=0.02), aggressive behavior (OR=3.7 p=0.001) while female were more likely to have social problems (OR=2.6 p=0.002).Conclusions: Emotional and behavioural are a serious mental health concern among adolescents. An intervention strategy (School-based mental health service) maybe required to understand their problems and provide appropriate counseling.Keywords: Adolescents; emotional and behavioral problems; youth self report.

Background Healthcare waste management is the subject of a neglected issue in many developing countries. Health care facilities are facing a major challenge in handling healthcare wastes and reducing their potential risks to human health and the environment. Insufficient understanding of the risk associated with healthcare waste by health workforce can contribute to poor waste management practices. The main aim of this study is to assess risk perception towards healthcare waste among hospital attendants and to identify associated factors. Methodology We carried out a cross-sectional hospital-based study among 120 attendants of a private and public hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. We used two-stage random sampling for the selection of hospital and participants. We conducted a face-to-face interview with the participants using semi-structured questionnaires. Based on the mean score, we classified risk perception as good and poor. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was carried out to determine associates of risk perception towards healthcare waste. Results Approximately 51.0% of hospital attendants had poor risk perception of healthcare waste. Nearly half of the participants (49.2%) had inadequate knowledge and 43.0% had a negative attitude. Factors such as healthcare waste management training (p = 0.028), housekeeping department (p = 0.036) and attitude (p = 0.001) were associated with risk perception of healthcare waste. Conclusion Hospital attendants had a poor understanding of risk perception of healthcare waste. Periodic training on healthcare waste management and edification on the risk associated with healthcare waste is essential to boost awareness among all healthcare workers. Communication on behavioral improvements for appropriate waste management must be prioritized to change the perception of health workers.

Introduction Pharmacovigilance is not new to India and has in fact been going on since 1998. Adverse drugs reaction (ADRs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. They account for approximately 10-20% of all hospitalized patients. The overall incidence of serious ADRs is 6.7% and that of fatal is 0.32%.Objective The objectives of the study was to find the pattern of adverse drug reactions in patients attending medicine ward of a tertiary care center of New Delhi.Methodology A prospective study was conducted from March 2013 to December 2013. On the basis of WHO-UMC causality assessment algorithm, the incidence and pattern of ADRs were assessed from 300 patients of 18 to 70 years of age. The collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) and analysed by SPSS.Results The incidence of ADRs was found to be 13.67%. More than one ADRs has been reported from some patients. The gender of the patients has no significance in the occurance of ADRs (p=0.194). Highest number of ADRs were found in gastrointestional system followed by central nervous system. Gastrointestional ADRs were must commonly associated with the uses of antimicrobials. The most frequently seen ADRs were diarrhea, gastritis, abdominal pain followed by nausea and vomiting. Decreased level of consciousness (sedation, drowsiness) followed by dizziness and tremors were the frequent ADRs related to the central nervous systems. Based on WHO-UMC causality assessment algorithm, it was observed that a total of 57 ADRs were possible and 2 were probable. No other causality assessment category was observed.Conclusion The ADRs incidence was common even in a tertiary care center. The Gastrointestional and central nervous system disorder were common. The concern of Pharmacovigilance should be initiated.Birat Journal of Health Sciences 2016 1(1): 61-64