The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a differentiation of iodine from other materials and of different body tissues using dual energy CT. Ten patients were scanned on a SOMATOM Definition Dual Source CT (DSCT; Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) system in dual energy mode at tube voltages of 140 and 80 kVp and a ratio of 1:3 between tube currents. Weighted CT Dose Index ranged between 7 and 8 mGy, remaining markedly below reference dose values for the respective body regions. Image post-processing with three-material decomposition was applied to differentiate iodine or collagen from other tissue. The results showed that a differentiation and depiction of contrast material distribution is possible in the brain, the lung, the liver and the kidneys with or without the underlying tissue of the organ. In angiographies, bone structures can be removed from the dataset to ease the evaluation of the vessels. The differentiation of collagen makes it possible to depict tendons and ligaments. Dual energy CT offers a more specific tissue characterization in CT and can improve the assessment of vascular disease. Further studies are required to draw conclusions on the diagnostic value of the individual applications.

Population-based whole-body MR imaging as part of the German National Cohort will serve to compile a comprehensive image repository, will provide insight into physiologic variants and subclinical disease burden, and has the potential to enable identification of novel imaging biomarkers of risk.

• Whole body MRI is a powerful diagnostic tool for patients with non-bacterial Osteitis. • Whole body MRI can reveal asymptomatic disease activity. • The radiologic index RINBO offers a standardized evaluation approach.

CRMO activity on longterm followup might have been underestimated. Our study demonstrates that clinical remission does not necessarily mean radiological remission. We therefore propose that all patients with CRMO, including patients in clinical remission, require longterm clinical followup and should undergo evaluation with WB-MRI on a regular basis until radiological remission or a steady state of disease is achieved.

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To assess the diagnostic performance of multislice computed tomography (MS-CT) in the classification of atypical or complex cystic renal masses using the Bosniak system in comparison to contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and, in unclear cases, to the surgery findings.Thirty-two consecutive patients (14 women, 18 men; age range 39-72 years) with 37 atypical or complex cystic renal masses at MS-CT underwent conventional ultrasound (US) and CEUS. CEUS employed a low-MI technique using 1.6-2.4 ml SonoVue (Bracco, Italy) i.v. and a 2-4 MHz multifrequency transducer (Siemens, Sequoia, Acuson). Fourteen masses were resected, the remaining 23 lesions were followed up for periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years. Images and digital cine clips of all lesions were evaluated by blinded readers. On the basis of MS-CT appearance the lesions were assigned to the Bosniak classification. Similar criteria modified for US imaging were used to score atypical cysts at CEUS.In the Bosniak classification at MS-CT the lesions were scored as category II (n = 15), IIF (n = 7), III (n = 8) and IV (n = 7). At CEUS, masses were classified as Bosniak classification II (n = 8), IIF (n = 12), III (n = 8) or IV (n = 9). All type IV and 6/8 type III and 1/8 type IIF lesions were removed surgically. All category IV and 3/8 category III lesions of the surgical group were malignant, the one type IIF lesion was benign. All class II and IIF cysts except one were stable after a follow-up period ranging from 3 months to 2 years. In 7/37 lesions (19%) the MS-CT and CEUS scores were different, while in 30/37 (81%) they were equivalent. CEUS depicted more thin septa than MS-CT, or upgraded wall thickness, resulting in a Bosniak score upgrade from category II to IIF in 5 lesions. Two cystic renal masses could not be clearly assigned by MS-CT but were considered malignant due to the additional information from CEUS, which was confirmed by surgical removal (small cystic renal cancer).CEUS with SonoVue allows an early evaluation of atypical or complex cystic renal masses. It is an additional examination to MS-CT. Due to the dynamic examination, additional information about perfusion of the cystic septa or cystic renal cancer can be gained.

The evaluated ICG-enhanced optical imaging system showed limitations for the detection of inflamed joints of the hand in comparison with MRI.

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