Environmental context. Atmospheric biological particles have been largely overlooked in the past. While some microorganisms have been studied, the majority of other biological particles have not. The presence of these particles might force us to view the atmospheric aerosol differently. Abstract. Measurements of biological particles in the atmosphere during the last decade indicate that the presence of these particles seems to have been underestimated by atmospheric scientists. On the average these primary aerosol particles might be present as much as 25% of the total mass (or number for particles with radius greater than 0.2 µm) concentration of the atmospheric aerosol. Such a large fraction certainly plays a major role in all processes affected by atmospheric aerosols, such as cloud and precipitation formation, climate forcing, visibility, turbidity, and so on. This disregard of the biological particles requires a new attitude in our opinion.

Soft tissue injuries with associated bone defects are difficult to manage and often require prolonged treatment with repeated interventions. Frequently, a free flap is applied as a first step and bone grafting is carried out in a second procedure. Ideally, these two procedures are combined in one operation, utilizing a soft tissue flap with an attached vascularized bone fragment. The lateral arm flap can provide such an osteoseptocutaneous flap and has been utilized clinically with success; however, the vascular anatomy of the flap, especially the humeral fragment, has not been described in detail previously, and there is broad disagreement concerning its innervation. In this study, the arteries and nerves of 24 fresh cadaver arms were dissected after injection of colored latex. The levels of origin of the periosteal arteries of the humerus were also documented. The lateral arm flap has a consistent arterial supply from three septocutaneous perforating branches that are arranged in a predictable pattern. The lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus is vascularized by direct branches of the posterior branch of the radial collateral artery and by arteries that arise from muscular branches supplying adjacent muscles. The innervation of the lateral arm flap is by the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm. Knowledge of the consistent vascular anatomy of the lateral humerus and soft tissue of the donor site allows an osteoseptocutaneous flap to be raised safely with an appropriate technique. We recommend use of the lateral arm flap with a humeral fragment for the treatment of combined soft tissue and bone defects when a single step surgical solution is indicated.

No abstract

Multiple attempts to repair the Achilles tendon can be associated with major soft-tissue defects of skin and tendon necessitating reconstruction with free flaps. In view of its specific anatomical characteristics, the fasciocutaneous infragluteal free flap is best suited for restoring sensibility and achieving nearly full function, including resumption of sporting activities, with minimum donor-site morbidity. The anatomy, dissection technique, and results of 100 percent successful skin and tendon defect reconstruction in seven patients are presented.

Firewalls are clear divisions between border policing and the provision of basic social rights. They have a dual character: to ensure that no information collected with the purpose of safeguarding basic social rights should be shared for immigration control purposes; and that migrants should not be subject to immigration control when being present at, or in the vicinity, of religious, private and public institutions upholding and providing social rights. This article suggests a normative argument for ‘firewalls’ in the context of social work and develops the concept theoretically as a principle practised and negotiated at different scales.