Pollinators play vital roles to the environment, biodiversity conservation, food security and several dimensions of global sustainable development. Honey bee is an important pollinator globally but has been exposed to increasing threats from diseases, pesticides and biotic stresses. This review paper highlights the role of honey bees as pollinators, addresses threats which influence decline of honey bees and assess pesticidal risk toxicity on non-target organisms. Decline of honey bee population is caused by several factors including habitat fragmentation, pesticidal toxicity, colony collapse disorder and climate change. Pesticidal residue and toxicity has an adverse effect which results in honey bee population decline, disturb foraging and contamination of bee products. Residues of agricultural pesticides like pyrethroid and neonicotinoid pose a serious threat on honey bee health further reducing agricultural production and diversity. Pesticidal risk assessments are carried out to study effects of pesticides on pollinators with an aim to provide measures to safeguard their abundance, diversity and health. Sustainable agriculture, effective policy and proper management can decrease pollinators' risk by helping to diversify the agriculture for pollen and nectars with reduced usage of pesticides and proper management.
Agribusiness entrepreneurship has potential to generate growth, diversify income, and provide widespread employment and entrepreneurial opportunities. Nepal is an agrarian nation where one third of the GDP comes from agriculture. Nepal possesses numerous opportunities in agribusiness entrepreneurship mainly because of varied agro-climate, rich plant biodiversity, niche specific commodities and export potentiality prevailed in the country. A shift from subsistence agriculture to robust, vibrant and commercial agriculture through technology led agribusiness entrepreneurship is an essential pathway to revitalize Nepalese agriculture as an attractive and profitable venture. This review paper presents SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis of agribusiness entrepreneurship in Nepal. It also highlights the existing opportunities which can be further strengthened to augment agribusiness entrepreneurship potentiality.
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