Background: Vitamin A belongs to an array of retinoids, which have a pivotal part in the development of embryo and fetus and is important in themorphogenesis and cellular differentiation of developing liver. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) are known to regulate the formation of vasculature and organogenesis of liver. For the contribution of better enlightenment of the modulating effects of vitamin A on the developing liver we investigated the effect of vitamin A on the histology and immunohistochemical expression of VEGFR2 in the liver from the fetuses. Methods: For this purpose, eighteen pregnant albino mice were divided into three groups having six mice each. Group A served as control and was given 1ml of olive oil whereas group B and C were experimental groups and were given 0.6mg/kg and 1.8mg/kg of vitamin A diluted in 1ml of olive oil. Doses were given at 7th, 8th and 9th gestational days (GD). All animals were sacrificed at 18th GD and the livers from the fetuses were collected to observe the histological parameters such as inflammation, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, central vein diameter and hemorrhage in central veins along with immunohistochemical expression of VEGFR 2. Results: Results showed that vitamin A affected the histology of liver. Inflammation, hepatic vacuolar degeneration (HVD) and the central vein hemorrhages were increased significantly (p<0.001), while diameter of the central vein decreased (p<0.001) in group C as compared to group A and B. The immunohistochemical expression of VEGFR2 decreased in sinusoids of group C (p<0.001) as compared to group A and B. Conclusion: Thus, the maximum tolerated dose of vitamin A given to group C tends to affect the microarchitecture of the developing liver and expression of VEGFR2. Keywords: Vitamin A, Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,
Background: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an effective antiepileptic drug (AED) used as first line of drug for of partial and convulsive generalized epilepsy in all age groups. Most common clinically reported side effect of CBZ is blurry or double vision. How it affects retinal histological architecture has not been explored yet. Aim: To observe the light microscopic retinal changes in adult Wistar albino rats after administration of CBZ. Methods: The experiment was conducted in University of Health Sciences, Lahore after the approval of ethical review committee. 18 Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group A served as control and was given 1ml saline alkalinized with 0.1N NaOH, Group B&C were given CBZ 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg respectively dissolved in 1ml saline alkalinized with 0.1N NaOH in 3 divided doses intraperitoneally for 7 days. Animals were sacrificed on 8th day, and retinal tissue sections of 5µm were stained for H& E to look for vascular congestion in retinal layers (yes/no). Chi2 was applied for statistical analysis using SPSS v 20. Practical implications: ophthalmic examination mandatory for epileptic patients on long term use of AED. Results: vascular congestion was seen among layers of retina in dose dependent manner in experimental groups (p=0.006) Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicates that CBZ affects retina blood flow, can impose a potential risk to visual disturbances. Key words: vascular congestion, epilepsy, carbamazepine (CBZ)
Food-borne pathogens cause serious health threats to consumers globally. The consumption of contaminated and undercooked meat products obtained from livestock and poultry are the major sources of its transmission. The E. coli O157:H7 is transmitted to meat and its products through poor sanitary environment, improper and unhygienic slaughtering processing and use of contaminated equipment. As a result, outbursts of E. coli O157:H7 have been observed in various regions of the world. This review highlights factors involved in the transmission of E. coli O157:H7, its clinical manifestation, associated health hazards and control measures like cold plasma treatment, high-pressure processing and electrolyzed water treatment must be followed for outbreaks prevention.
Food-borne pathogens cause serious health threats to consumers globally. The consumption of contaminated and undercooked meat products obtained from livestock and poultry are the major sources of its transmission. The E. coli O157:H7 is transmitted to meat and its products through poor sanitary environment, improper and unhygienic slaughtering processing and use of contaminated equipment. As a result, outbursts of E. coli O157:H7 have been observed in various regions of the world. This review highlights factors involved in the transmission of E. coli O157:H7, its clinical manifestation, associated health hazards and control measures like cold plasma treatment, high-pressure processing and electrolyzed water treatment must be followed for outbreaks prevention.
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