This study was designed to estimate the possible histological effects of fresh and expired mecobalamin regular exposure to hepatic and renal tissues after 4 weeks. For this purpose, thirty male albino mice of 8 weeks age were kept in animal house for 10 days habituation and then they were divided into three groups: group I (control group), experimental group II (treated with fresh mecobalamin), experimental group III (treated with expired mecobalamin). ANOVA based significant results were observed for mice body weight, arterial diameter and its wall thickness in renal histological sections of both experimental groups. Similarly, significant changes were observed in arterial diameter, venous wall thickness and lobule diameter in hepatic histological sections. It was concluded that regular long term intake of fresh mecobalamin results in over dosage based side effects whereas exposure to expired mecobalamin causes renal and hepatic tissues necrosis, along with irregular variations of vasodilation and vasoconstriction in blood vessels. Thus, a programmed general public campaign is required to develop awareness that mecobalamin should be used according to prescribed dosage rather than self-medication and before use, the expiry date should be checked and expired drugs should be strictly prohibited to avoid physiological disturbances.
Packed fruit juices are commonly consumed on daily basis around the globe which usually contains sodium benzoate as food preservative to enhance their shelf life and its amount may vary from defined food standards among brands. This mammalian model based research was designed to investigate the impact of locally packed fruit juices’ regular intake on consumers. For this purpose, albino mice (Mus musculus) were acclimatized in laboratory environment for ten days and then categorized in control and two experimental groups. The selected local brands were Murree brewery lemon malt and Shezan mango juice and their 0.1ml prepared dose was given to experimental groups I and II, respectively, whereas; control group was treated with equivalent amount of distilled water. The obtained histopathological results emphasized that regular intake of sodium benzoate having fruit juices may cause severe damage to hepatic and renal tissues, usually in the form of necrosis, vascular congestion sometimes dilation and other cellular alterations i.e., in glomeruli and bile duct. Moreover, it may result in onset of tumorogenesis. The conclusion of this study is local food authorities should ensure the addition of a defined amount of sodium benzoate as juice preservative in locally packed juices to provide healthy products to consumers.
Wasps under family Vespidae, order Hymenoptera are commonly known as paper wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and potter wasps. They are cosmopolitan in distribution, playing role of major predators of insect pest larvae and many spiders. The aim of the research was to explore wasp fauna and their relative abundance in district Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. During this study a total of 10 species of wasps belonging to family Vespidae were identified under three subfamilies (Vespinae, Polistinae, Eumeninae).
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