Due to similar growth pattern and morphology, monocot weeds offer more severe competition with wheat. A field experiment was conducted to screen herbicides most suitable for the control of monocot weeds in wheat. Seven herbicides viz., Puma super 69EW @ 862.5 g a.i. ha −1 , Bristle 69 EW @ 1250 ml, Topik 15WP @ 37.05 g a.i. ha −1 , Safener15WP @ 247g, Certain 80WD @ 395.2 g and Tremor 24EC @ 247 ml/ha were used. Weedy check where no weed control was practiced was kept as control. All herbicides were sprayed as post-emergence with second irrigation 38 days after crop sowing. The best weed control was accomplished by Safener 15WP 247 g ha −1 as significantly lower weed counts per m 2 (11.0) and higher percent weed control (73.4%) were noted after 21 days of its spray. Wheat growth parameters like plant height, number of tillers per m2, spike length and number of spikelets per spike remained statistically at par among various treatments. Significantly higher number of grains per spike (55.67) and 1000 grain weight (36 g) were noted with Puma Super 69EW @ 1250 ml ha −1 and Certain 80WD 395.2 g ha −1 , respectively. Although treatments did not differ significantly with respect to wheat grain and biological yields, yet the highest grain yield (3708.3 kg ha −1) and biological yield (10208.3 kg ha −1) were produced by Puma Super 69EW @ 1250 ml ha −1. Based on better weed control and wheat yield, Safener 15WP @ 395.2 ml ha −1 and Puma Super 69EW @ 1250 ml ha −1 were proved to be better in areas where wheat fields are predominantly infested by monocot weeds. Puma super, Bristle Tremore, Safener and Certain were found effective against Avena fatua and Polypogon monspelliensis, less effective against Phalaris minor and ineffective against Poaannua grass.
Twelve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and their sixteen direct and reciprocal crosses were evaluated for heterosis, heterobeltiosis and potence ratio to determine the potential of wheat genotypes under contrasting water regimes. The highest positive heterosis and heterobeltiosis was observed in cross combination Sehr-06 × Pasban-90 under both water regimes for the trait stem reserve mobilization (SRM). While in trait 1000-grain weight the cross-combination Pari-73 × C-273 (Normal irrigation) and Fsd-08 × SA-42 (water stress) showed highest heterosis and Pari-73 × C-273(Normal irrigation) and Fsd-08 × Chenab-70(water stress) showed highest value of heterobeltiosis. The potence ratio in both traits expressed overdominance estimates exhibiting the presence of transgressive segregants, may be exploited for on-ward selection in the bread wheat improvement. The genotypes showing better SRM based 1000-grain weight in the absence of photosynthesis indicates relative water stress tolerance. This procedure paved an indirect way to screen the wheat genotypes to withhold water stress situation and sustain wheat production.
Conventional methods of plant breeding and agronomic practices remained a successful tool to maintain the pace of food production for centuries but due to changing climatic conditions and the challenges of 21 st century like population growth, pollution, declining biodiversity and food security have shaken the previous policies. This situation compelled the agriculturist towards the judicious management of natural resources to combat the poverty, disasters and increased food demands. The present study was initiated to check wheat varieties in two water provision conditions. The results revealed that environmental stresses played negative role by minimizing the yield and yield contributing traits. However the severity of water stress was depleted by some promising genotypes by showing minimum hazard effects and by having capability to contribute to conserving biodiversity, ensuring sustainability, combating food insecurity and increasing economic benefits. The minimum effect of moisture stress on grain yield was shown by genotypes C-518 (12.97%) while the genotype Shakar, Pari-73 and Uqab-2000 showed maximum decline percentage. The global warming and population explosion will further induce commodity shortage and law and order situation in the world. The prevailing International tension can be cooled down by the provision of marshal aids by the developed countries to the effected or threatened countries.
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The honey bee ( Hymenoptera Apidae ) is a valuable insect that can be found all around the globe, except in polar regions. Apis mellifera contributes over dollar 200 billion to the world’s economy annually. In Pakistan, pollination-dependent crops have a productivity worth of 1590 million US$, with 61 main crops relying on the pollination of honey bees. Loss of honeybees to a certain level may lead to starvation. In a developing country like Pakistan, it is an issue with food security. Many biotic and abiotic factors are challenging in brooding and rearing honeybees in the country. Excessive use of pesticides, lack of skilled personnel and deforestation is leading to a decline in the population of honeybees. While the need for honeybee products is tremendously increasing with every passing day. The country’s unique vegetative diversity has a significant ecological and economic impact on local wildlife conservation. If properly developed, it offers enormous potential for a long-term beekeeping enterprise. Beekeeping is primarily practiced in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the central and northern areas of the Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Pakistani honey is well-known throughout the Middle East for its distinct flavor and high quality. Every year, Pakistan sells roughly 4000 tons of honey to Arab countries, costing about $ 23 million. This review study briefly describes different honeybee species’ potential constraints and management in Pakistan and will be helpful in developing a sense of awareness that conserving honeybees is a matter of food security.
Sugarcane is one of the important cash crops for Pakistan and it has been the primary source of sugar production. Sugarcane is used in our sugar mills and it's by products are used in making cattle feed, soil manure etc. Present research experiment was conducted to assess the 32 genotypes of sugarcane collected from different farms for cane yield through yield contributing traits in natural field conditions. Traits like Cane height, cane girth, area of leaf, no. of internodes, internode length, no. of tillers, weight of cane, brix percentage and red rot disease incidence and severity were considered for evaluation of sugarcane germplasm. Result showed that most of the traits showed significance amount of variability between the genotypes with respect to the considered plant parameters. XT910 genotype showed the highest cane height while SPF-237 showed highest cane diameter. MSH-2415 showed the largest area of leaf as compare to other genotypes. XT236showed the highest number of tillers per stool. Highest sucrose value is ultimate goal of breeders and US 133 showed highest sucrose value with brix percentage mean of 22. This variety performed very well overall. Sugarcane genotypes US-133,US-633,US-127,CPF-247,MSH-2415 were found excellent for sugar recovery while SPF-213 and SPF-237 were observed as resistance/tolerant against Red Rot. Furthermore, SPF-213, US-133, US-633 and US-127were found genetically diverse genotypes for different calculated traits and would be useful in sugarcane breeding program to enhance sugar recovery and Red rot resistance/tolerance in advanced sugarcane genotypes. With the help of this experiment study, we have isolated the SPF-213 variety of sugarcane which showed minimum incidence of Red rot disease. This variety has potential to perform well under Red rot susceptible environment. Principle component analysis indicated that first five PCs had 78.59% of the total variation with eigenvalue more than 1. Biplot showed that lodging percentage and girth traits have least variability because they are close to the PC1 and PC2 while the other traits have CLASSIFYING GENOTYPIC, PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY, BROAD SENSE HERITABILITY AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum L.) GENOTYPES FOR BETTER YIELD, QUALITY AND RESISTANCE AGAINST RED ROT 266 considerable amount of contribution in variations among germplasm because they are far from the axes on table.
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