The issues of religious, ethnic and racial minorities are one of the major problems in modern democratic states where the majority governs. The article finds out the role of religious Facebook groups in highlighting the issues of the Christian minority. The objectives were to observe the reasons of participation, level of dependence and the nature of effects of online discussions of Facebook groups on the Christian community. Uses and gratification theory was applied to understand that how new technologies in media are used to gratify the needs of marginalized communities in a pluralist society. Data was collected through a survey method from the Christian minority, which was Facebook users and members of Facebook religion. The findings of the study revealed that usage of Facebook Groups is motivating the Christian community towards the solution of their problems; there is an association between usage of Facebook groups and awareness level regarding social issues among the Christian community.
Modern innovation in communication has changed patterns of socializing. Advance forms of communication are paving ways for people to convey their ideologies to others. This study attempts to analyze the role of social media in strengthening democracy in Pakistan and highlights the importance of media in democratic states by an extensive review of the literature. The core concern of the study was to observe how mass media contributes to the socialization of democracy. Quantitative research methodology opted, and research findings concluded that social media advocates the public on general political issues that increase the political efficacy and resulting in more political participation in Pakistan. Web 2.0 platforms such as Twitter and Facebook provide new opportunities to create a political environment in Pakistan. In the presence of these platforms, a bridge is developed between the citizens for strengthening a strong democratic setup.
Introduction: Unilateral spinal anaesthesia has advantages over bilateral spinal anaesthesia as it provides a stronger block on the side of surgery and accelerated recovery of the nerve block. There is lower incidence of hypotension and better maintenance of cardiovascular stability and can be a used for high risk patients. Hence this study was done to compare the unilateral versus bilateral spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5 % + clonidine in inguinal hernia surgeries with reference to perioperative autonomic, sensory, motor stability, post operative analgesia and minimize hospital stay. Methodology:Aprospective study was done in 100 patients posted for inguinal hernia surgeries in a tertiary care hospital. After approval from the ethical committee of the institute, Pre anaesthetic checkup was done one day prior to the surgery. Patients were evaluated for any systemic diseases and laboratory investigation recorded. The procedure of SAB was explained to the patients and written consent was obtained. Patients were kept in lateral position (on the side of surgery) for 10min for group U & made supine immediately on the OTtable for group B, with 10 degree head down tilt of the table. Chi-square test and t test was used for statistical analysis. Signicance level was set at 0.05. Result Mean age, mean height, mean weight, ASAphysical status classication, Comorbidities and preoperative vitals was comparable in both the groups. Proportion of patients with fall in vitals was signicantly more in group B compared to group U. Conclusions: Unilateral spinal anaesthesia group had lower incidence of hemodynamic changes with respect to bradycardia and hypotension and lower requirement of Mephentermine and Atropine. So adopting a unilateral spinal block producing minimal hemodynamic uctuations would prove benecial.
This study analyzes the Kashmir conflict by little empirical work on Kashmir News after the abolition of Article 370. The purpose here is to identify the nature of news coverage by the global news media. For this purpose, 193 new stories were selected which were appeared at the web sources of three global news channels BBC, CNN, Aljazeera. This study primarily focusses on Content analysis of how CNN, BBC and AL JAZEERA designed Kashmir in their online news broadcasting with time frame of from 5 August to 30 September 2019 soon after the revocation of Article 370 while determining the difference in storytelling and the search for stories of information about Kashmir. By using an original coding program that extract on the coverage of Kashmir conflict, media effects and agenda-setting theories, the analysis is found that AL JAZEERA has heavily relied on episodic coverage and focued on international condemnation frame in its coverage than CNN which heavily focused on the Human-interest frame as well as BBC relied on the responsibility frame in its coverage related Kashmir. The study investigates the sources of the stories where AL JAZEERA cited government leader and official statements; CNN added journalists’ views whereas BBC heavily relied on their correspondents’ version. However, the investigation provides the insight into the worldwide media coverage of the issue and their view
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