Ramadan-focused education in diabetes can empower patients to change their lifestyle during Ramadan. It minimizes the risk of hypoglycaemic events and prevents weight gain during this festive period for Muslims, which potentially benefits metabolic control.

Appropriate treatment adjustments can lead to improved diabetes management during Ramadan, with avoidance of significant weight gain and improved glucose control without hypoglycaemia. The addition of vildagliptin to metformin therapy during Ramadan in Muslim patients with type 2 diabetes was associated with a reduction in the incidence of hypoglycaemia.

Changing to humalog Mix 50 during Ramadan resulted in improvement in glycaemic control without increasing the incidence of hypoglycaemia.

Background. Body mass index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms (or pounds) divided by the square of height in meters (or feet). Obesity affects a wide spectrum of age groups, from the young to the elderly, and there are several eye diseases related to obesity like diabetic retinopathy, floppy eyelid syndrome, retinal vein occlusion, stroke-related vision loss, age-related macular degeneration, and possibly, refractive errors. Refractive errors (RE) are optical imperfections related to the focusing ability of the eye and are the main cause of visual impairment which may result in missed education and employment opportunities, lower productivity and impaired quality of life. Aim. The study aimed to find an association between body mass index (BMI) and refractive errors. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was designed to involve a representative sample of medical students in Al-Kindy College of medicine, from December 8, 2021 to January 10, 2022. Weight and height were measured. BMI was estimated, and their refractive error was assessed. Results. A total of 400 students participated in the study, of which 191 (47.8%) had refractive errors, whereas 209 (52.2%) were emmetropic. Thirty-seven point eight percent of the participants had BMI > 25. A significant relationship between refractive errors and all BMI groups was found (p < 0.025). Compared to normal weight group, overweight and obese groups, only the underweight group showed a significant relationship with refractive errors, p < 0.006. Conclusion. Myopia is associated with being underweight, hence the link between the two is statistically significant. The severity of this condition, however, is unaffected by body mass index. Myopia was not a concern among students with normal or high body mass index (BMI).

In Iraq tobacco smoking is a common habit. The World health organization (WHO) reported that smoking of tobacco was killed about 100 million persons in all the world in the 20th century and it could kill one billion persons over the world in the 21st century. The aim of the present study was to pointed the effect of smoking on respiratory system. The present study was conducted in the College of Applied Medical Science/University of Karbala from November 2014 to February 2015. 30 healthy male were included in this study and their age were ranged between 19-23 years. Spirometry data of 20 smokers and 10 non-smokers were collected by the computerized spirometer. The results show that pulmonary function tests was significantly reduced in smokers group compare to non-smokers group (p<0.05). The investigation confirming PFT values are less in smokers due to toxic effects of tobacco smoking on respiratory system & is the major cause of obstructive lung disease.