Kampong Baharu (KB), literally meaning "New Village", is located in central Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It came into existence in 1899 as a reserved area only for ethnic Malays. Over time, urban growth resulted in the settlement losing its agricultural value and now it is a unique preserved housing area for Malays. Many vernacular Malay houses that were built in the 1900s still exist in KB. These houses were not original vernacular houses and were transformed and modernized into unique typologies that lie between the traditional and modern typologies.This study defines these houses as 'modern' vernacular Malay houses and attempts to explore the typologies of such houses built during the 1900s in KB. More than 100 vernacular Malay houses in KB were investigated and analyzed with respect to three major elements of order of the traditional Malay house elevation: roof, wall and pillar. As a result of this study, several representative 'modern' vernacular typologies were proposed. It is important to document these typologies because they demonstrate how traditional vernacular Malay houses were transformed into modern houses through the modernization process.
Austronesia, one of the largest language families in the world, covers a vast area from Madagascar in the extreme west to Easter Island in the far east, Taiwan in the north to New Zealand in the south. The languages are spoken by the people of insular southeast Asia, Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia in the Pacific, as well as certain parts of the Asia mainland. The vernacular architecture of the people that belong to this language family shows certain shared characteristics that seem to indicate a common origin in the distant past. The Grand Shrines at Ise, Japan pose an intriguing phenomenon because they possess striking architectural features that are reminiscent of Austronesian vernacular architecture. This paper is an attempt to investigate the phenomenon using the findings of studies by experts from other disciplines such as historians, anthropologists, linguists and others, based on the link between culture, language and architecture.1
In the past few decades, cities from various parts of the world have faced with unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion due to inappropriate policies. Among different solutions against urban sprawl, the dominant sustainable cure is the so-called 'Urban Consolidation' (UC). This paper aims to explore urban sprawl characteristics and present its cause and effect on the sustainability criteria of Shiraz city, Iran. It is confined to an exploration of population growth and physical expansion of the city. The data has been collected from governmental organizations and documents. This paper examines UC policy implementation in the inner city of Shiraz to control low-density urban sprawl. As the result, this paper discovers that the policy emphasizes on the higher density housing development in existing urban areas considering the capacity of infrastructures and facilities’ availability prior to calculate housing targets to decrease the demand for Greenfield development. It concludes with a brief discussion on the challenges to achieve sustainable urban development goals in the city through UC strategies.
stay of 5.7 days. Sixty (17.4%) patients had severe disease, defined as admission to intensive care unit (5.5%, n = 19), requiring mechanical ventilation (13.9%, n = 48) or death (4.9%, n = 17). At least one respiratory virus was identified in 195 (56.5%) patients, of which 24 (7%) were co-infections. The most detected viruses were rhinovirus/enterovirus (51%, n = 176), influenza virus (7.5%, comprising 13 A/H3N2, 8 A/H1N1 and 5 influenza B), parainfluenza virus (2.3%, n = 8), respiratory syncytial virus (0.9%, n = 3), metapneumovirus (0.9%, n = 3), coronavirus OC43 (0.6%, n = 2) and adenovirus (0.3%, n = 1). Of 150 (43.5%) negative samples, 48 samples were selected for viral metagenomics analysis. At least one respiratory virus was detected in 14 (29.2%) NGS samples: rhinoviruses (18.8%, n = 9), influenza virus (8.3%, with 3 A/H3N2 and 1 influenza B), and enteroviruses (4.2%, n = 2). No avian influenza virus, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV was detected in this study. Only 28 (8.1%) patients had significant positive blood cultures, most commonly Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Severe disease was independently associated with significant positive blood culture (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.18-6.59, p = 0.02), but not with any viruses.Conclusion: Rhinovirus/enterovirus and influenza virus are the most frequently detected viruses in adults with SARI, although the clinical significance of the former is not certain. NGS showed that known respiratory viruses play an important etiologic role in unexplained SARIs cases and no emerging respiratory viruses were detected in this study.
Housing areas in Malaysia has always relied on the local authorities to take care of the neighbourhood, resulting in apathy in respect to the community's well being, safety and a rise in crime. Most housing developments have been designed to provide a secure home rather than a secured living environment. The provision of a large and undefined communal space, leads to a situation of "anonymity" and become "lost spaces" which allow criminals to "disguise" among the crowd. A viable solution in ensuring a secured housing environment is through the provision of "defensible" communal spaces that encourage community interaction and social cohesion. This paper will discuss the current problems concerning crime and safety in high-density housing settlement in Malaysia. The paper will also review the prevailing ideas and concepts that have been articulated by prominent theorists for the designer to use in designing secured housing development, This is where the defensible space theory raises the issue of 'creating' a community within a neighbourhood, and how it could be applied successfully to local housing.
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