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Association between snoring and primary dental development and soft tissue profile in 3-year-old children Introduction: The aim was to study the association between snoring and development of occlusion, maxillary dental arch, and soft tissue profile in children with newly completed primary dentition. Methods: 32 (18 female, 14 male) parent-reported snorers (snoring ≥3 nights/week) and 19 (14 female, 6 male) non-snorers were recruited. Breathing preference (nose/mouth) was assessed at the mean age of 27 months by otorhinolaryngologist. At the mean age of 33 months, an orthodontic examination was performed, including sagittal relationship of 2 nd primary molars, overjet, overbite, and occurrence of crowding and lateral crossbite. Bite index was obtained to measure upper dental arch dimensions (inter-canine and inter-molar width, arch length). A profile photograph was obtained to measure facial convexity. Results: No significant differences were found between non-snorers and snorers in any of the studied occlusal characteristics or in measurements of upper dental arch dimensions. Snorers were found to have a more convex profile than non-snorers. Occurrence of mouth breathing was more common among snorers. Conclusions: Parent-reported snoring (≥3 nights/week) does not seem to be associated with an adverse effect on the early development of primary dentition, but snoring children seem to have more convex profile than non-snorers. Snoring is mild sign of sleep disordered breathing (SDB), and in the present study its short time lapse may not have had adequate functional impact on occlusion.

Aim The difficulty of assessing the likelihood of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in children who snore without full‐night polysomnography is widely recognised. Our aim was to identify features that were characteristic of two‐year‐old children with OSA and evaluate whether this information could be used to assess the likelihood of OSA. Methods The study was carried out as part of the Child‐Sleep Project, a longitudinal birth cohort study of children born at Tampere University Hospital, Finland. This part of the study focused on the children in the cohort who snored and was carried out between 2013 and 2015. The primary outcomes were measured using parental questionnaires, polysomnography and clinical examinations. Results In total, 52 children participated at a mean age of 27 months (range 23‐34). Of these, 32 (44% male) snorers and 20 (70% male) controls. The most significant findings were that children who had OSA demonstrated longer snoring time (P = .003), a greater tendency for mouth breathing (P = .007) and bigger adenoid size (P = .008) than snorers without OSA. Conclusion Snoring time, adenoid tissue size and mouth breathing were important features that identified the likelihood of OSA in snoring toddlers.