No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATD) are the most common organspecific autoimmune diseases with complex pathogenesis including the interaction between environmental, genetic, and immunological factors. 1 ATD comprise two main entities; Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD) which are considered the most common forms of ATD. Although, GD and HT usually have opposing clinical manifestations; hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively, however, in line with a more flexible view of ATD, HT and GD can cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, even alternating between one form and the other. 2 The hallmark of HT is the high rate of positivity of thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO). 3 Moreover, high anti-TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) level is the mainstay in GD diagnosis. 4 The human microbiome consist of 100 trillion bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. It is of paramount importance in