The present work attempts to study the distribution of heavy metals in some drainage and canals located in Northern part of Egypt. Eight metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni) were determined in water. Metals concentrations in water varied between in different years and were, Fe (0.18-117.11), Mn (0.01-58.98), Zn (0.01-90.56), Cu (0.005-65.70), Pb (0.016-36.64), Cd (0.000-14.69), Co(0.002-89.72), Ni (0.019-73.22) mg/l respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals in water are compared with many guidelines to predict status of water pollution (Guideline for water irrigation agricultural FAO, 2017 and Specifications of fresh water, according to Law 48 of 1982 ,Article 60 of the Regulations). The results showed that all canals in this study are considered as sources of worst water for irrigation, and also all drains and mixed canals are considered above division of increasing salinity problems of irrigation water. Finally, the main drains are considered highly saline for irrigation and classified as salinity problems, So causing adverse impact on soil properties and productivity. The concentrations of heavy metals, pH and salinity are pollutants in all canals, and are still above the critical limits and could not be used for irrigation. This study recommends effective implementation of laws and regulations, removal of encroachments and buildings on the canal's borders and waterways, Nile River ,raise awareness and Provide the necessary resources to separate the waste of human activity from the biological and non-biological systems (biotic and a biotic).

It is known that the compost plays an affective role in enhancing soil fertility, consequently, plant growth and crops yield, so it is very important to the farmers to get compost has a good quality and distinguished properties. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effect of the amount of the oxygen (air) required to convert one Kg of lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes and turnip plant straw into compost. It was found that there is a relationship between the amount of oxygen and the weight of organic matter which refers to using the amount of O 2 as an indicator to the good quality of manufactured compost. In this study, carbon ratio and hydrogen ratio in straw of lettuce, tomato, potato and turnip vegetables and the amount of oxygen (air) required to convert one kilogram of straw into compost was measured. The most important results were that the greater the amount of oxygen used in the fermentation of raw materials, the greater the amount of organic matter, consequently increasing the quality of compost. The amount of oxygen used in the fermentation of raw materials was high for the potato fodder (6.20 kg) and the amount of organic matter (813 g) while the amount of oxygen required was less in the leaves of the Lettuce plant (4.69 kg) and organic matter (670 g). Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the amount of oxygen required to obtain good compost by knowing the amount of air that is needed to oxidize the organic waste, which is consists all mostly from the hydrocarbon chain (carbon and hydrogen).

Land degradation processes prevail in the terrestrial ecosystem of Kuwait, which dotted by a high number of land degradation hotspots. Therefore, the detection and identify of hot spots related to land degradation and thus vegetation cover are required. The information provided by satellites on land desertification and plant degradation is the most important pillar of demonstration, which relied upon in combating this dangerous environmental phenomenon. In this present study, based on the available information, the determination of land and vegetation cover deterioration were done. After that, the phenomenon resisted by replacing new plants and treating soil deterioration by following the recommendations and proposals through integrated environmental management and the cultivation of plants exists in the desert environmental lands in the State of Kuwait. The spatial distribution of land desertification in State of Kuwait was determined as well as we observed the disappearance of vegetation cover and an increase in land degradation due to overgrazing and human stress.

The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of the accumulation of harmful heavy metals in the irrigation water resulting from the proximity of the various activities of various water: sewage, artesian wells and industrial activities, particularly Borg El Arab Industrial area and take Nile water l Control (Bahig canal). The concentrations of these heavy metals in samples drawn from different distances from the source of irrigation in summer 2011 that contain the highest concentrations, followed by the winter of 2012. These results have shown that the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters is more than quantity of 5000 m by a 30 to 35 twice in water for irrigation, also the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters has values less than the permissible limits and disappeares completely at a distance of 5000 meters and that for different sources.

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This paper summarizes the available information on the pollution of groundwater and irrigation canals from anthropogenic sources (sewage effluences and industrial waste water, and intensive fertilization) in northwestern Egypt Borg El Arab that leading to contamination of the soil-plant-animal. Excessive applications of fertilizers to field and vegetable crops lead to nitrate and phosphate contamination of groundwater and irrigation canals. In certain situations, nitrates exceed the dangerous level of 10 mg N/L. Industrial effluents, released without any treatment to sewage drains, contain potentially toxic elements with a concentrations that are several fold higher than those in domestic sewage water and exceed the maximum permissible limits for their disposal onto agricultural lands. The mean concentrations of Pb, Co, Cd and Ni in sewage water were, respectively 21,133, 700, and 2200 times higher than those in artesian water. The recommendation possible mitigation options for water pollution.There is an urgent need to effectively enforce regulations for the release of industrial effluents pertaining to primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. Educating farmers and public at large about the consequences of non-overkill Nitrogen fertilizer, pumping out shallow polluted water for drinking and domestic purposes, depleting groundwater resources, etc., is desirable

Many studies indicated a trend towards desertification and the deterioration in grazing areas due to the changes in land tenure and management. To improve the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid pastures, livestock can used to overcome the problem of land degradation. In light of the results obtained, it asserted that Holistic Planned Grazing rotational grazing can boosted rangeland production and stop climate change. Animal density and double the stocking rate both reduce productivity. Too many findings included soil and compost qualities from cattle dung, which addressed the relative impact of rotational grazing on soil and plant or animal biodiversity. Rotary grazing contributes in solving the problem of desertification. When the rotational grazing method applied the amount of biomass, activity of enzymes, and decomposition of fertilizers increased, so the plant productivity will increase. With increasing the density of the green grass, thus the rate of humidity in light of the tough climate in the State of Kuwait will controlled. In the case of rotational grazing, the number of heads of livestock that can be grazing are controlled and managed. Rotary grazing differs from traditional grazing in preserving the soil, increasing plant productivity and storing water. Therefore, attention was oriented to improve rangeland ecosystems in drought areas using livestock for the solution of land degradation problem and avoid the desertification and to review the degradation causes of pastureland, how to treat and manage it in arid and semiarid regions.

FIELD experiment was conducted in Burg Elarab region, Egypt, …….to investigate the influence of five fertilization treatments and three tillage systems on wheat productivity, soil microbial biomass and some enzymes activity. Fertilization treatments were control (without treatment) (F1), Farmyard manure (F2), Compost (F3), Mineral fertilizers (F4) and mixture of farmyard manure + compost + chemical fertilizers (F5). Tillage systems were no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). Experiments were designed in a split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2010-11 and 2011-12 growing seasons. Main plots were the tillage systems while the fertilization treatments were arranged in sub plots. The highest rate of grain yield was produced in MT system under F5 treatment. CT system showed average reduction in grain yield of about 17% than MT; while CT showed average increasing of about 4% than NT in wheat grain yield. MT and NT systems increased soil microbial biomass compared to CT. Farm yard manure or compost applications increased soil microbial biomass significantly compared with mineral fertilizer. The urease, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities in the F4 treatment were significantly lower than in the other fertilizer treatments F2, F3, and F5. The highest value of urease activity was under NT + F2 treatment in the two years of this study.