In this paper, the concept of anisotropic atomic mobility is first developed in the framework of CALPHAD approach, and atomic mobility descriptions of Li ions in the layered O3 Li x CoO 2 are then assessed based on the experimental self/ tracer diffusion coefficients available in the literature. After that, the chemical diffusion coefficients as a function of compositions and crystal orientations are model predicted and utilized to validate the available experimental/theoretical data with large discrepancies. The result indicates that the ratio of D Li self-ab /D Li self-c should be on the order of 100. Moreover, the analytical modeling of phase transition from O3 to O3′ phase under different charging currents and crystal anisotropies is performed, from which the quantitative atomic mobility−anisotropy−charging current relationships are established. Finally, the battery performance during the charging process is optimized in terms of kinetic requirements, and the optimal charging current (7.5−12.5 mA) and anisotropy orientation angle (close to 0) range corresponding to the preferred battery performance is designed. It is anticipated that this work may serve as a general guide to optimize the battery performance of cathodes during the charging process in Li battery in terms of diffusion kinetics.
Recently, there is an increasing criticism both inside and outside China toward the eco-migration projects. The author focuses on the eco-migration of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve as a case study as it is one of the main eco-migration projects. At the end of 2010, government invested 4.47 billion CNY in eco-migration and relocated the immigration 55773 people in 10733 units. Benefits of ecomigration is obvious, however, it needs to be recognized that in the aspect of environment justice, it is unfair to sacrifice a group of people in the process of environmental protection because costs and benefits result from the environmental protection have to share among the people without discrimination. Local herdsmen received extra disadvantages in their level of material possessions, social and cultural values and the social inclusion after eco-migration project. As a part of the eco-social system established within several centuries, the local herdsmen are not only threateners to local ecology system, but also the guardians to the natural environment through religion and habits last for generations. The social and cultural values, traditional religion and Nomadic living habits, as important as the environment, are need to be cherished and protected.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.