We present a micromachined scanning probe cantilever, in which a specific higher-order flexural mode is designed to be resonant at an exact integer multiple of the fundamental resonance frequency. We have fabricated such cantilevers by reducing the stiffness of the third order flexural mode relative to the fundamental mode, and we have demonstrated that these cantilevers enable sensing of non-linear mechanical interactions between the atomically sharp tip at the free end of the cantilever and a surface with unknown mechanical properties in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. Images of surfaces with large topographical variations show that for such samples harmonic imaging has better resolution than standard tapping-mode imaging. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The thermo-mechanical properties of silicon make it of significant interest as a possible material for mirror substrates and suspension elements for future long-baseline gravitational wave detectors. The mechanical dissipation in 92µm thick <110> single-crystal silicon cantilevers has been observed over the temperature range 85 K to 300 K, with dissipation approaching levels down to φ = 4.4×10 -7 .

We have developed an automated system based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) injectors for reliable mass-injection of Drosophila embryos. Targeted applications are high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi) screens. Our injection needles are made of silicon nitride. The liquid to be injected is stored in an integrated 500 nl reservoir, and an externally applied air pressure pulse precisely controls the injected volume. A steady-state water flow rate per applied pressure of 1.2 nl s 21 bar 21 was measured for a needle with channel width, height and length of 6.1 mm, 2.3 mm and 350 mm, respectively. A typical volume of 60 pl per embryo can be reliably and rapidly delivered within tens of milliseconds. Theoretical predictions of flow rates match measured values within ¡10%. Embryos are attached to a glass slide surface and covered with oil. Packages with the injector chip and the embryo slide are mounted on motorized xyz-stages. Two cameras allow the user to quickly align the needle tip to alignment marks on the glass slide. Our system then automatically screens the glass slide for embryos and reliably detects and injects more than 98% of all embryos. Survival rates after deionized (DI) water injection of 80% and higher were achieved. A first RNAi experiment was successfully performed with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) corresponding to the segment polarity gene armadillo at a concentration of 0.01 mM. Almost 80% of the injected embryos expressed an expected strong loss-of-function phenotype. Our system can replace current manual injection technologies and will support systematic identification of Drosophila gene functions.

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