Seven hundred sixty thousand hectares of acid sulfate soils in Central Plain of Thailand are used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. Insufficient nutrient P seriously limits rice growth and yield. A local rock phosphate (RP) Kanchanaburi RP (KRP), a reference RP (Gafsa from Tunisia), and a KRP containing soluble P (KRPS) were used to investigate the dissolution and availability in six acid sulfate soils under flooded conditions. The soil properties that have a major influence on RP dissolution and P sorption were investigated for developing a model and algorithms for estimating the RP requirement for rice. High KCl‐extractable aluminum (Al_KCl) and low soil pH enhanced the dissolution of KRP, Gafsa, and KRPS. The substantial calcium carbonate equivalent of the RP increased the pH of soils and limited RP dissolution. The P sorption of the soils was estimated using Bray 1 and 2 extractions. The P sorption was apparently greater than RP dissolution a few days after submergence in some acid sulfate soils, decreasing the Bray 1 level. Phosphorus extractable by Bray 2 increased with incubation time where KRP, Gafsa, and KRPS were applied. Amounts of RP predicted using an algorithm based on predicted dissolution and sorption in the various soils were similar to a local estimate of RP requirement.
While cassava is an important crop in diverse regions of Thailand, little information is available to compare sites, select planting dates, and determine nitrogen (N) requirements. In recent years, the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) has been used to develop this information. In order to use DSSAT, the cassava model, namely, CSM-CSCRP-Cassava, needs to be calibrated and validated. A cassava response to nitrogen study was conducted in Thailand during the 2011-2012 growing season. The data were also utilized to calibrate the DSSAT cassava model on cultivar Kasetsart 50. The model could be calibrated to predict the first branching date at 116 days, when it actually occurred at 117 days after planting. The overall average top dry weight and dry root yield were 7.39 and 15.69 t • ha −1 , which were predicted with a root mean square error of 0.496 and 0.702, respectively. Maximum leaf area index, leaf N (%), and harvested root N (%) were also adequately simulated. Validation experiments were conducted at the diverse Lopburi, Supanburi, and Chonburi sites. Top dry weight and dry root yield were predicted with indexes of agreement of 0.86 and 0.95 in Lopburi, 0.82 and 0.95 in Supanburi, and 0.83 and 0.55 in Chonburi. Nitrogen requirements for maximum yield were overpredicted by the model, indicating additional work is needed to account for negative effects of excessive N. Effects of regional weather conditions and soil types appeared to be adequately predicted by the calibrated model. Improved planting dates were suggested with the calibrated model.
The dissolution of rock phosphate (RP) in soils, a reaction fundamental to the effectiveness of direct application of RP, depends on both the RP and soil properties. Four RP materials of varying solubility, namely, Gafsa RP, Tilemsi RP, Taiba RP, and a local RP, Kanchanaburi RP, were incubated with six flooded acid sulfate soils to quantify factors affecting the dissolution of RP. The differences between dilute NaOH-P extracted from soils treated with and without RP materials (%NaOH-P) were used to estimate the dissolution of RP materials. A nonlinear Mitscherlich equation was used to describe the changes in %NaOH-P over incubation time. The coefficients of the fitted Mitscherlich equation were then regressed on soil and RP properties to develop an RP model. Soil acidity measured by pH and KCl-extractable aluminum (Al) were the soil properties that most affected RP dissolution and thus were included in the RP model. RP solubility as assessed using the second extraction with 2% citric acid as a percentage of rock and the particle size of RP (G 100 mesh) were the RP properties found most important in predicting dissolution and were include in the model. The calcium carbonate content of the RP affected the changes of pH in six acid sulfate soils after mixing with RP materials.
An estimated 97 percent of the soils in Laos are characterized by low phosphorus (P). This characteristic, together with high acidity, constrains food crop production. The P status, sorption, and associated properties were evaluated for fifteen important agricultural soils from the uplands. Soil pH values ranged from 4.5 to 5.9. Soil organic carbon (C) varied from 7.0 to 22.9 g kg −1 . Soil clay varied from 179 to 709 g kg −1 . The cation exchange capacity (CEC) also varied from 4.30 to 32.1 cmol c kg −1 . Extractable P levels of thirteen of the fifteen soils were P deficient with medium to very high P sorption, indicating substantial fertilizer P requirements. Dithionite and oxalate aluminum and iron predicted P sorbed at 0.2 mg P L −1 . The extractable P increase per unit added P, P buffer coefficient (PBC), was low, also indicating high P sorption. Field studies are needed to confirm predictions of P requirements.
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