Dental tissues are composed of multiple tissues with complex organization, such as dentin, gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. These tissues have different mechanical and biological properties that are essential for their functions. Therefore, dental diseases and injuries pose significant challenges for restorative dentistry, as they require innovative strategies to regenerate damaged or missing dental tissues. Biomimetic bioconstructs that can effectively integrate with native tissues and restore their functionalities are desirable for dental tissue regeneration. However, fabricating such bioconstructs is challenging due to the diversity and complexity of dental tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in polymer-based tissue engineering and three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies for dental tissue regeneration. It also discusses the current state-of-the-art, focusing on key techniques, such as polymeric biomaterials and 3D printing with or without cells, used in tissue engineering for dental tissues. Moreover, the final section of this paper identifies the challenges and future directions of this promising research field.
Bioprinting technology is emerging as a major innovation for replacing or repairing the tissues in the file category of tissue engineering, and this is specifically related to regenerative medicine. In this process, hydrogels-containing living cells are precisely placed in a predefined position, to form three-dimensional (3D) constructions of physically and biologically tissue-mimetic complex structures. In this sense, hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional networks that can absorb large quantities of water or biological fluids and thus have the potential to be used as prime candidates for carriers or matrices for cells in tissue engineering. Importantly, hydrogels are used in 3D bioprinting and are important components that affect the printing process. The hydrogels allow printed constructs to be assembled into 3D form and the hydrogels encapsulating cells, called bioink, to protect the cells in 3D conditions from any mechanical damage that might occur during the printing process. The bioink forms a matrix environment and supports cell growth in the printed constructs. This review describes the currently used hydrogels for 3D bioprinting and the potential clinical application of this process for tissue regeneration.
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