The article analyzes the work N.I. Pirogov, which formed the foundation for the development of modern trends of Medicine. Works N.I. Pirogov covered a wide range of critical issues of clinical and theoretical medicine, pathology, pathological anatomy, such as clinical and biological analysis of inflammation, suppuration, bone pathology, infectious diseases and their control. Much attention N.I. Pirogov on experimental studies on the development of collateral circulation, pathology, wound healing, shock, on plastic surgery. N.I. Pirogov - creator of the topographic (Surgical), anatomy, health organizer, scholar-thinker, and teacher.