In vivo microdialysis was used to study the effects of substance P on dopamine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid levels in the nucleus accumbens in rats. Each animal received sequential injections of physiological saline, 0.1 microg of substance P, and 1 microg of substance P into the lateral ventricle over three days. Dialysates showed increases in dopamine levels in response to neuropeptide, by 41% for the 0.1 microg dose and 71% for the 1 microg dose. The dynamics of these changes also depended on the concentration of the agent. Administration of 1 microg of substance P gave a peak dopamine level at 50 min; the neurotransmitter level remained significantly elevated 75 min after dosage with substance P. The dopamine level was increased only at 75 min when the 0.1 microg dose of neuropeptide was used. Changes in metabolite levels were also dose-dependent. After the 1 microg dose, the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid level increased by 28%, while the 0.1 microg dose produced no significant change in the level of this metabolite. The homovanillic acid level did not respond to administration of substance P at either dose. These data support the suggestion that the influence of substance P on the internal compensation system is to a significant extent mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms and provides a possible explanation for the effects of the neuropeptide seen in a conditioned place preference reflex.
Ketosis in high‐yielding dairy cows is the most common metabolic pathology during late dryness and early lactation. This work aims to establish the possibility and effectiveness of therapy for ketosis in dairy cows through the intraperitoneal injection of a 20% glucose solution. For the experiment, on days 21‐30 of lactation, two groups of black‐and‐white cows with a β‐hydroxybutyrate level above 1.0 mmol / l were formed. Animals of the first group (n = 10) were injected four times with an interval of 24 hours intraperitoneally with 1000 ml of 20% dextrose solution. Cows of the second group (n = 10) in a similar regimen were injected dextrose intravenously. Blood for research was obtained before the start of injections, after 5, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3 hours after the first injection of the solution, and one day and seven days after the end of therapy. It was found that a single intravenous injection of dextrose during the first 5 minutes is accompanied by an increase in the concentration of the monosaccharide in the blood by 2.2 times (from 5.1 to 11.4 mmol / L; P <0.001). The level decreases to the initial values within 1 hour, and intraperitoneal infusion does not cause hyperglycemia. A redistribution of protein fractions accompanies therapy of cows with ketosis: a decrease in the albumin‐globulin coefficient by 16.8% (P <0.05) with intraperitoneal administration and by 26.9% (P <0.01) with intravenous administration. The activity of AST after intracavitary injections of dextrose decreased by 36.5% (P <0.05). The loading of erythrocytes with substances of low and medium molecular weight was 19.4% (P <0.05) with the intraperitoneal injection. It was not observed with the intravascular route of administration. The morphological composition of blood after intravenous administration of dextrose was characterized by an increase in the level of leukocytes by 34.8% (P <0.05), a decrease in erythrocytes by 11.9% (P <0.05), hemoglobin by 11.6% (P <0, 05), hematocrit by 12.3% (P <0.05). Therapy via intraperitoneal injection did not cause pronounced changes in these parameters. The intravenous administration of glucose promoted a more rapid elimination of ketone bodies, which decreased by 2 times one day after the end of therapy (P <0.05), but after 7 days, their level began to increase again (by 21.1%). It did not have significant differences with indicators at the time of diagnosis. Intraperitoneal infusions were accompanied by a slight decrease (by 16.3%) in the level of β‐hydroxybutyrate one day after the end of therapy, followed by a pronounced decrease in the concentration of ketones by day 7 (2.3 times; P <0.01). The dynamics of fructosamine indicate that intracavitary injections do not cause glycosylation of plasma proteins, while intravenous infusions increase the values by 37.0 ‐ 39.4% (P <0.001). Thus, intraperitoneal administration of glucose during ketosis in dairy cows has a more favorable effect on the morphobiochemical composition of the blood and provides a more prolonged therapeutic effect.
Inflammatory diseases of the uterus are one of the main causes of decreased fertility and infertility in dairy cows. The aim of the study was to assess changes in the immunobiochemical and morphological parameters of the blood of dairy cows with pyometra. 20 cows with pyometra (G1) and 15 cows without visualized reproductive pathology (G2) were selected using transrectal ultrasound. The blood test showed that in G1 there was the decrease in the level of total protein to 73.69 ± 1.06 gr/l, which was 11.1% lower (P<0.001) than in the G2. The concentration of albumin in G1 was 34.23 ± 0.56 gr/l, which was 17.5% less (P<0.001) in comparison with the G2. The creatinine level in the G1 was 19.2% higher (P<0.01) and it amounted to 98.30 ± 4.92 μmol/l, and the urea level was 6.34 ± 0.37 mmol/l, which was 1,6 times higher (P<0.001). The AST activity in the cows from G1 was 100.06 ± 5.53 units/l, which was 19.4% higher (P<0.05), with the ALT activity was the same. The amount of low and medium molecular weight substances adsorbed on the surface of erythrocytes in the G1 was 15.4% higher, and those associated with plasma albumin was 21.8% higher (P<0.001). The immunological indicators in the G1 were characterized by the increase in the total immunoglobulins level by 63.2% (P<0.001), the concentration of which was 20.58 ± 1.13 mg/l. The content of circulating immune complexes of large and small sizes in the blood was 11.82 ± 0.88 optical density and 1.84 ± 0.06 optical density respectively, which was 2 times higher (P<0.001) than the indicator of healthy cows. The morphological pattern of blood in the G1 was characterized by leukocytosis ‐ 10.08 ± 0.86 *109/l (the increase in the concentration of leukocytes by 17.2%, P<0.05), the decrease in the concentration of erythrocytes by 4.7% (P<0, 05) ‐ 6.35 ± 0.10 *1012/l and platelets by 42.8% (P<0.05) ‐ 176.88 ± 22.16 *109/l. There was qualitative redistribution of white blood cells: the increase in the concentration of neutrophils by 6.6%, eosinophils by 6.3 times (P<0.001), the decrease in lymphocytes by 15.8% (P<0.001). Thus, associated with pyometra in dairy cows, changes in protein and nitrogen metabolism are observed: the level of total protein is decreased, the level of globulins is increased, the level of urea and creatinine is increased, and the AST activity is increased. The immunological indicators are characterized by the increase in the level of total immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes, and in the morphological blood pattern of the cows with pyometra, one can observe leukocytosis with granulocytic cells predominating over agranulocytes.
Reindeer husbandry is one of the leading areas of animal husbandry in the regions of the Far North of the Russian Federation. It serves as the primary source of life and employment for the local population. The most common pathologies in reindeer are gadfly infestations and anthrax. Carrying out mass treatment and preventive measures in reindeer husbandry is a rather laborious process and is associated with high economic costs. The research aims to develop and study the possibility of using the composition of aversectins with an anthrax vaccine in reindeer husbandry. The studies were carried out in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra of the Komi Republic. The studied drug had the following composition: 10 mg of aversectin C, 10 million live spores of the attenuated capsule‐free anthrax bacillus strain 55‐VNIIVViM, excipients (polyethylene oxide, water) up to 1 ml. For the experiment, 3 groups of full‐aged animals were formed. The first group of deer (n = 10) was injected intramuscularly with the developed composition at the rate of 1 ml of the drug per 50 kg of body weight, the second group (n = 10) received only aversesectin, the third group (n = 10) received only the anthrax vaccine. Deer were processed in September. For 14 days, the animals were measured for body temperature, pulse rate, respiration, tissue reaction at the injection site, and blood was obtained every three days for hematological and biochemical studies. The effectiveness of the prophylactic action of the investigated agent was taken into account during the planned slaughter of deer in December, by the method of counting gadfly larvae on the skins of deer of different groups, as well as by determining the titer of anthrax antibodies by the precipitation reaction of two‐fold dilutions of blood serum with anthrax antigen. The clinical picture and morpho‐biochemical composition of the blood of the animals treated with the test agent did not differ significantly from those of the deer of other groups. Furthermore, a response of the body to the drug at the injection site was also not established. The average level of antibodies to the anthrax bacillus in the first group was 1: 288 ± 46, in the second 1: 56 ± 7, in the third 1: 256 ± 26. Thus, the developed composition provides for the formation of intense immunity to the pathogen. A post‐mortem examination of the skins of animals treated with the study drug and native aversectin indicates that the use of the agent is 100% effective against edemagenosis of reindeer. In comparison, the use of one vaccine was characterized by 100% gadfly invasion of animals with an average intensity of 86 ± 18 larvae per animal. Thus, the developed drug shows high efficacy against edemogenosis and anthrax and makes it possible to reduce the number of veterinary manipulations during preventive treatments of reindeer.
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