Актуальность. В работе с помощью методов нелинейной аппроксимации решена задача построения моделей электропорации мембран биологических клеток по экспериментальным зависимостям их удельной электропроводности от напряженности импульсного электрического поля.Цель работы -построение моделей, адекватно описывающих экспериментально полученные нелинейные эффекты проводимости клетки, включая обратимую электропорацию, необратимый электропробой или локальный обратимый электропробой мембран при слиянии двух контактирующих клеток.Методы. В качестве функций, моделирующих экспериментальные данные, выбраны полиномы 8-10 степеней, а критериями оценки параметров электропорации определены координаты локальных экстремумов их кривизны и точек перегиба, которые характеризуют конкретное состояние мембраны клетки при данной напряженности поля. Задача аппроксимации решалась методом наименьших квадратов. Вычисление оценки коэффициентов полиномов производилось методом Гаусса -реализованы прямой и обратный ход. Имеется возможность отыскивать экстремумы полученных полиномов высоких степеней, задавая погрешность вычислений. Для подбора степени полинома использована среднеквадратическая ошибка аппроксимации. Вычислив первые и вторые производные проводимости, рассчитывается текущая кривизна полинома. Полученные предложенными методами значения кривизны позволяют определить точки перегиба кривой для определения электропробоя мембраны клетки.Результаты. Разработано прикладное программное обеспечение, с помощью которого построены полиномиальные модели проводимости биологической клетки в изменяемом по напряженности импульсном электрическом поле и проведен их количественный математический анализ. Все указанные расчеты подтверждаются графиками, часть из которых можно просмотреть в увеличенном масштабе.Выводы. Вычислены параметры электропорации мембраны биологической клетки, полученные путем анализа функции кривизны полиномиальных моделей. Разработанные аналитические методы и программное обеспечение для определения параметров электропорации позволяют рекомендовать их для использования на практике при вычислении числовых значений напряженности поля и проводимости, при которых обеспечиваются конкретные режимы электропорации мембраны биологической клетки.
The purpose of the publication is to formulate theoretic and methodological provisions on the prospects for the development of social capital of localized post-industrial scientific and educational-production clusters that embody the idea of dynamic formation of innovatively oriented ecosystems of the national economy. The research is devoted to the prospects of forming the social capital of the national economy (SKNE) as a productive value of interpersonal and intergroup network connections implemented in the production of thoughtful and coordinated results of social activities. Particular attention is paid to the distinction of key features of SKNE, unlike other forms of capital assets in the production of goods and services. The comparative matrix of identification of differences inherent in different forms of capital, according to the criteria of features of formation and implementation, natural essence, degree of distribution, ability to alienate, features of investment, inflation discounting in the process of consumption, level of participation in the formation of “chains” of value of goods and services, ability to liquidity and conversion, features of valuation methods are given. The characteristic factors of transformation of structural, relational and cognitive elements of SKNE in terms of circumstances and requirements of formation of post-industrial, post-information, network, humanomic, behavioral economy of saving and collective use of public goods are investigated. Fully the requirements of the innoving mechanism of regulation of SKNE meets the incorporation to the tools for the implementation of goals and objectives of its development of means of forecasting the future state, structure, prospects for increasing the cost of elements. This provides an opportunity to increase SKNE on the basis of Foresight procedures for analyzing the impact of these factors, formulating and modernizing the mission of forecasting inclusive social capital, a comprehensive specification of the regulatory sector, taking into account macroeconomic development scenarios. The prospects for further research are seen in the implementation of imitation verbal models of social capital adapted to the needs of the different level of national economy: microeconomic – “Individual and egocentric network”, mesoeconomic – “Sociocentric Network”, macroeconomic – “Civil Society”.
The article discloses the significance of the formation of a time management culture both at personal and corporate levels. It is based on the fact that time management is one of the most important soft skills today, which will give an opportunity to increase overall productivity of a company. Having carried out the evolution of the opinions of scientists regarding the category "time management", the authors came to the conclusion that this concept should be interpreted as an art that is designed to find the boundaries between the rational use of time and the fear of its inefficient use to ultimately ensure human well-being. It is emphasized that time management is carried out taking into account psychological, social and behavioral influencing factors. It has been established that a major role in time planning is played by the influence of time structures and time norms, which establish the framework according to which the actual planning of working hours takes place. The authors proposed to distinguish four models of the efficiency of the use of working time, taking into account the level of structured working time and labor productivity in a company. In general, the authors distinguish a depressive-stagnant, bureaucratic-oriented, people-centered, and performance-oriented model. It should be noted that each company, depending on the stage of its own development and size, can go through each of these stages, but the most optimal are the human-centered model and the performance-oriented model. The authors developed a mechanism for the introduction of time management technology for the formation of the most optimal option for time management both at the individual and corporate levels. In particular, it is proposed to carry out the analysis of internal and external factors influencing a time management process. As the next stage, the authors consider it expedient to determine time limits and take into account the type of time mechanisms that are inherent to employees. The implementation of the time management process with its optimal construction will lead to an increase in labor productivity, a decrease in the influence of negative factors, in particular stress, and will positively affect the quality of life.
At the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydropower station ten vertical-shaft 640-MW turbogenerators are arranged in pairs into five power units, with single-phase step-up transformers having a gang capacity of 1600 MVA. The plant is a unit of the southern part of the District Power Block (DPB) of the Krasnoyarsk Directorate of Power Economy (Krasnoyarskenergo) in the unified power system of Siberia, and all its energy will be transmitted at 500 kV. The power generated will be transmitted in.the firststage to two centers: the primary consumer, the Sayan regional-lndustrlal complex, along two 500-kV lines; and to the Kuznetsk Coal Basin power region, along two 500-kV lines also, with a peak capacity mainly up to 2400 MW. Provision is made for an additional two 500-kV llnes to be erected.For the installed capacity of 6400 MN, the annual output of electricity will amount to 23,500 GWh. During the period of development of its capacity the station will operate in the base-load part of the power-production schedule; after the main plant is commissioned, it will operate in the peak-load part.The restrictive mountainous conditions at the site; the curved outline of the powerstation building in plan; the location of the 500-kV outdoor substation in a narrow canyon of the Karlova River valley, separated from the station by a mountain range and 400 m in altitude; and the introduction of new electromechanical equipment and instruments; all these necessitated individual structural solutions for various elements of the electrical parts of the power plant.One of the problems was the development of a system for the main and neutral terminals of the generator, the conductors between the generator and the step-up transformer, and the complex of generator-voltage instruments. Because the power units can develop an output of 736 MVA, the conductors and instruments must be designed at the nominal generator voltage of 15.75 kV, for a nominal current of 28.5 kA and a shock short-circuit current of 480 kA amplitude. For such currents it was also necessary to develop measures for protecting the steel in reinforced concrete and surrounding metalwork from the effects of the strong electromagnetic field of the conductors. Otherwise it would have been difficult to avoid overheating them above the allowable temperatures, with loss in strength of the structural components of the building, vlz. beams, walls, slabs, etc.The design decisions adopted were based on a scientific investigation of these matters by several organizations, first by the M. I. Kalinin Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (LPI), and took into account the resources of manufacturers of the conductors and the generator voltage instruments. Based on the close collaboration with the Leningrad Branch of the AllUnion Sclentific-Research and Design-lnvestigation Institute of H~drotechnical Construction (Lengidroproekt) and LPI, the amalgamated production undertaking Elektroappart is manufacturing for the first time in world practice a switchlng-measuring-instrument-generator set (SIG) for avoltage of...
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