The 2017 list of Russian cities with the highest level of air pollution included 21 cities, 7 of which (30%) are located in the Irkutsk region. Among them are large industrial centers of non-ferrous metallurgy - Shelekhov and Bratsk. The purpose of the article is to assess the health risk for the population living in the aluminum producing areas (Shelekhov, Irkutsk region). The health risk was assessed on the basis of G 2.1.10.1920-04 using modern sanitary and hygienic standards. Air quality in 2007-2017 and load on the urban population inhaling polluted air (inhalation route) were determined. Two groups of hazardous effects were identified. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were distinguished. Individual inhalation risks were calculated and hazardous substances were identified. The total carcinogenic risk exceeds an acceptable level and is mainly due to inhalation of formaldehyde and chromium (46.7% and 52.3%, respectively). The chronic non-carcinogenic risk is due to the suspended substances, formaldehyde and benzopyrene inhalation. The non-cancerogenic effect of air on the respiratory organs, the immune system and eye pathology is crucial. The article suggests measures (implementation of advanced production technologies, reconstruction of heating systems, etc.) to prevent hazardous risks.
Most of the Russian people consume products grown in their gardens located near large industrial centers. Toxic substances can enter the human body together with agricultural products grown on polluted land. The article aims to assess carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to health of people consuming agricultural products (root and tuber crops) grown in the area affected by aluminum production (the Southern Baikal region). The risk was assessed using a model developed by U.S.EPA. The carcinogenic risk for average concentrations of benz(a)pyrene in vegetables was CR=1.09·10-4. The value is between maximum permissible and unacceptable levels. The chronic non-carcinogenic risk exceeds the safe value four times (HI = 4.15) due to large doses of iron (HQ=2.47) and nickel (HQ=0.88). The total value of the hazard coefficient for fluorine (HQ=0.74) entering the human body with root and tuber crops does not exceed the permissible level, despite the fact that it is one of the main components of soil pollution near aluminum production plants.
Aim. To assess the risks of potential anthrax outbreaks based on a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation for this infection and inventory data on the number of stationary anthrax-unfavorable sites in the Russian Federation using the case of the Republic of Tatarstan. Methods. A retrospective analysis of data on animals with anthrax in the Republic of Tatarstan and the inventory of permanently unfavorable sites for this infection in the Russian Federation was carried out by using veterinary reporting documents for the period between 1914 and 2018. The epizooticity index of anthrax-unfavorable sites was determined by the formula: EI=(nt)/(NT), and the effectiveness of specific prevention of the infection was determined according to the guidelines. Analyzes were carried out using statistical methods. Results. The analysis of the results of the conducted studies showed that between 1914 and 2018, 2037 group and single animals infected with anthrax on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, 1208 stationary unfavorable sites for this infection were registered. When assessing the risks of the potential occurrence of anthrax among animals of the Republic of Tatarstan, it was found that 69.8% of the territory of the republic (every third settlement) is permanently unfavorable for anthrax and has serious risks of a possible re-infection of animals with this infection, therefore all livestock of animals once a year vaccinated against anthrax. A study of more than 11,000 blood serum samples of animals vaccinated against anthrax according to this scheme revealed that the titer of anti-anthrax antibodies decreases 1:2 and 1:4 below the level that protecting the animal from infection with the causative agent of this infection in 20% of animals after 6 months, and in 60% after 12 months after vaccination. This creates high risks of anthrax in animals and people in disadvantaged areas since the anthrax pathogen is transmitted from an infected animal to a person by mistaken autopsy of dead animals or the processing of carcasses of animals, hidden carriers of the anthrax pathogen. With this in mind, in regions with high risks of anthrax, it was confirmed the need for introducing two vaccinations per year into the prevention scheme of this infection in animals and monitor the post-vaccination immunological status, which will allow them to maintain high immunity throughout the year and promptly eliminate the focus of infection. Conclusion. It was found that 69.8% of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan (every third settlement) is permanently unfavorable for anthrax and has high risks of anthrax outbreaks in animals; it was shown the need for complex anti-anthrax measures, including two-time vaccination of animals during the year, to reduce the risks of infection of animals and the population with the causative agent of this infection.
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