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CT findings in the hepatic phase and US findings in the biliary phase are characteristic of fascioliasis. Because clinical and laboratory findings of fascioliasis may easily be confused with several diseases, radiologists should be familiar with the specific radiologic findings of the disease to shorten the usual long-lasting diagnostic process.

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An equivalent linearization technique to obtain the response of non‐linear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom dynamic systems to stationary gaussian excitations is developed. The non‐linearities are assumed to be single‐valued functions of accelerations, velocities and displacements. Using a property of gaussian vector processes, the closed forms of the coefficients of the equivalent linear system are obtained by the direct application of partial differentiation and expectation operators to the non‐linear terms. It is shown that when the non‐linearities possess potentials, the linear system has symmetric coefficient matrices. A geometrical interpretation of the linear coefficients, in connection with the original non‐linearities, is presented. The accuracy is investigated by means of examples.

SUMMARY:The BPL is a part of the peripheral nervous system. Many disease processes affect the BPL. In this article, on the basis of 60 patients, we reviewed MR imaging findings of subjects with brachial plexopathy. Different varieties of BPL lesions are discussed.ABBREVIATIONS: AA ϭ axillary artery; ABD ϭ abduction; ADs ϭ anterior divisions; AS ϭ anterior scalene muscle; AV ϭ axillary vein; BPL ϭ brachial plexus; CC ϭ costoclavicular space; CL ϭ clavicula; EMG, electromyelography; I ϭ inferior trunk; IS ϭ interscalene triangular space; LC ϭ lateral cord; M ϭ middle trunk; MC ϭ medial cord; MRA ϭ MR angiography; MRV ϭ MR venography; MS ϭ middle scalene; NEU ϭ neutral; PC ϭ posterior cord; PDs ϭ posterior divisions; PET ϭ positron-emission tomography; PMA ϭ pectoralis major muscle; PMI ϭ pectoralis minor muscle; RP ϭ retropectoralis minor space; S ϭ superior trunk; SA ϭ subclavian artery; STIR ϭ short tau inversion recovery; SV ϭ subclavian vein; T1WI ϭ T1-weighted imaging; T2WI ϭ T2-weighted imaging; TOS ϭ thoracic outlet syndrome; TSE ϭ turbo spin-echo M any disease processes affect the BPL, and the common lesions can vary according to the age of subjects. In neonates and adolescents, traumatic injury is common. In middle-aged and older individuals, intrinsic and extrinsic tumors of the BPL, cervical spondylosis, TOS, and inflammatory plexopathy (idiopathic, infectious, radiation-induced, immunemediated, and toxic) are common. On the basis of 60 patients, we reviewed MR imaging findings of subjects with brachial plexopathy. Different varieties of BPL lesions and imaging techniques are discussed. Anatomy of the BPLThe BPL is a part of the peripheral nervous system, responsible for innervation of the shoulder, upper extremity and upper chest muscles, and cutaneous nerves of the skin and hand, with branches to the phrenic nerve (C3-C5) for diaphragm movement and to the sympathetic ganglia via the C8 and T1 nerves. In the cervicothoracobrachial region, the BPL courses superior and posterior to the subclavian artery and vein. The subclavian vein is located at the most anterior extent, anteroinferior to the anterior scalene muscle. The subclavian artery extends along the floor of the interscalene triangle between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The BPL has 5 segments: roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. The supraclavicular plexus includes roots and trunks. Through the neural foramina, roots of the BPL extend into the interscalene region, forming the superior (C5 and C6), middle (C7), and inferior (C8 and T1) trunks at the lateral border of middle scalene muscles. The retroclavicular plexus is located in the costoclavicular space, posterior to the clavicle and above the subclavian artery and vein, including the anterior and posterior division of the trunks. The infraclavicular plexus is situated in the retropectoralis minor space, lateral to the first rib, posterior to pectoralis muscles, and above the axillary artery and vein, including the 3 (medial, lateral, and posterior) cords and term...

We discuss MRI findings in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). A total of 100 neurovascular bundles were evaluated in the interscalene triangle (IS), costoclavicular (CC), and retropectoralis minor (RPM) spaces. To exclude neurogenic abnormality, MRIs of the cervical spine and brachial plexus (BPL) were obtained in neutral. To exclude compression on neurovascular bundles, sagittal T1W images were obtained vertical to the longitudinal axis of BPL from spinal cord to the medial part of the humerus, in abduction and neutral. To exclude vascular TOS, MR angiography (MRA) and venography (MRV) of the subclavian artery (SA) and vein (SV) in abduction were obtained. If there is compression on the vessels, MRA and MRV of the subclavian vessels were repeated in neutral. Seventy-one neurovascular bundles were found to be abnormal: 16 arterial-venous-neurogenic, 20 neurogenic, 1 arterial, 15 venous, 8 arterial-venous, 3 arterial-neurogenic, and 8 venous-neurogenic TOS. Overall, neurogenic TOS was noted in 69%, venous TOS in 66%, and arterial TOS in 39%. The neurovascular bundle was most commonly compressed in the CC, mostly secondary to position, and very rarely compressed in the RPM. The cause of TOS was congenital bone variations in 36%, congenital fibromuscular anomalies in 11%, and position in 53%. In 5%, there was unilateral brachial plexitis in addition to compression of the neurovascular bundle. Severe cervical spondylosis was noted in 14%, contributing to TOS symptoms. For evaluation of patients with TOS, visualization of the brachial plexus and cervical spine and dynamic evaluation of neurovascular bundles in the cervicothoracobrachial region are mandatory.

Our NLP system extracts each imaging observation and its characteristics from mammography reports. Although our application focuses on the domain of mammography, we believe our approach can generalize to other domains and may narrow the gap between unstructured clinical report text and structured information extraction needed for data mining and decision support.