Abstract-That regional interconnections can benefit interconnected grids is accepted by the decision makers owing to optimal utilization of resources, diversity of load patterns, increased security and improved system performance. However, there are "oportunities and threats" depending on how commercial, operational and security issues are tackled. The threats stem from potential seaming problems in the integration and lack of adequate defense mechanisms. In India, five large sized regional grids operate and these are interconnected either synchronously or asynchronously. The operating strategies for interconnections have evolved through trial operations on exiting system which are covered in this paper. The paper overviews the salient features of all the regional interconnections in India. The commercial mechanism, Availability Based Tariff (ABT), adopted by India has facilitated seamless integration on commercial front to a good extent as described in this paper. ABT links part of tariff with a universally available signal of system frequency. From experience gained over last few years, the operational and security issues have been discussed. With Open Access in operation, the interconnecting corridors have to play a significant role in the operation of the interconnected system. The need for evolving standards for the integrated operation became evident from the experience. The guiding principles for such standardization are also reported in this paper.
Background: Currently internet has become an important tool for education, entertainment and communication. Increased internet usage may lead to point of habituation, addiction, adverse academic, mental, physical and social effects. Medical students are also among the vulnerable group on account of time they spend on internet, hence this study was undertaken among medical students. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of internet addiction among first year medical students.Methods: A Cross sectional study was conducted among the first year medical students of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru. The sample size calculated was 125 as per the prevalence of internet addiction among medical students as 58.87% found in the study by Chaudhari et al. A total of 140 students present in the class at the time of data collection, who consented were considered for the study. Semi structured questionnaire with Young’s 8-item questionnaire and 20-item internet addiction scale was administered to the students. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Pearson’s chi-square test was applied to know the association between two variables. Results: Out of 140 study subjects, majority (73.57%) were 18 yrs of age, 62.14% were females. 81 (57.86%) were hostelites. 77 (55%) of students were using internet for 4-6 hrs per day. 80 (57.14%) students have been using internet for more than 5 yrs. The prevalence of internet addiction according to Young’s 8-item questionnaire was 66 (47.14%) out of 140. Out of the 66, most common gadget used was mobile and most common purpose was social networking. The most common pattern of internet addiction according to Young’s 20-item scale was possible addict (49.29%). Internet addiction among localites was observed to be more than hostelites, this association was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: Internet addiction was found to be substantial among medical students and most common purpose of internet usage was for social networking.
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