The conductive polypyrrole (PPy)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were synthesized through simple, environmentally benign, time and cost efficient, in situ polymerization and bioreduction techniques. The pyrrole monomer effectively adsorbed over the negatively charged GO sheets through electrostatic and π−π interactions was polymerized into polypyrrole in its adsorbed state. The obtained morphological images of the rGO/PPy composite ensured that the entire surface of the active carbon support was covered by PPy. The removal of oxygen functionalities from GO with the aid of Ocimum tenuiflorum extract was ascertained through FT-IR and UV−vis absorption spectroscopic studies. The rGO/PPy composite exhibited higher electrocatalytic oxidation current as evidenced from the cyclic voltammetric analysis. The number of actives sites and continuous carrier channels of the rGO/ PPy composite exhibited a maximum MFC power density of 1068 mW/m 2 , which is almost two-fold higher than that of bare PPy. The strong active carbon support prohibited the swelling and shrinkage of the conductive polymer PPy and provided the strong physico and electrochemical robustness of the rGO/PPy composite, which increased the MFC durability performances up to 300 h. These findings have not only provided fundamental knowledge on the preparation rGO-based composites through a green approach but also have found possible applications in large-scale green energy devices.
Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles anchored over reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and rGO/conductive polyaniline (PANI) composites were synthesized and exploited as anode catalysts in microbial fuel cells (MFC). PANI bridges rGO and Pt nanoparticles through the electrostatic interaction/π–π stacking force/hydrogen bonding and Pt–N bond, respectively, and increased the intrinsic stability of rGO/PANI/Pt composite. The electrocatalytic performances of rGO/PANI/Pt exhibited the better oxidation current and lower internal resistance over the prepared rGO/PANI and rGO/Pt composites as evidenced from the cyclic voltammetric and electrochemical impedance techniques, respectively. By the combined efforts of active support, high electrical conductivity, and number of catalytic active sites, the prepared rGO/PANI/Pt nanocomposite exhibited a maximum MFC power density of 2059 mW/m2 with the concrete life durability. Thus, the proposed approach has paved new dimensions in not only the preparation of rGO-supported conductive polymer nanocomposites but also its applications as effective anode catalysts in MFCs.
This paper brings a comparative analysis of three types of ode poems, i.e., the Pindaric, Horatian and Irregular odes. Its major focus is on the evolutionary changes of odes from its inception at Grecian to English Romantic odes which were greatly influenced by many like Roman influence, Italian influence, Renaissance and Romantic period etc. Moreover the paper gives a clear picture of ode poetry, its characteristics, form and structure and the functions of each type. Through a comparative study the distinct characteristics of the three types are explicated. Some of the ode poems of English poetry such as “The progress of Poesy: A Pindaric ode” by Thomas Grey, “Ode on Solitude” by Alexander Pope and “Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats have been taken as the English models of the three kinds respectively. These poems where compared with the original classical models and critically analyzed.
The most insightful story of Hagar in the novel The Stone Angels reveals the character’s stubborn attitude and her final transformation which has provided a strong thematic perspective for the study. The story is a complete recitation of Hagar’s whole life history nevertheless her life’s incidents reveal about lack of many substances in her life. Incompleteness or Lack of something is the major theme of the novel which is suggested by the very title that the angel seems to be lifeless and has reduced to stone. Hence the study ventures on a search for the incompleteness present in the life of Hagar. The most notable quality that the protagonist doesn’t processis emotion which is highlighted by the author as an important character traitforwomen. Without emotion, Hagar is viewed as unusual and is pictured as antagonist. Moreover, the character Hagar’s feministic attitude lacks certain smartness which leads to the failure. Thus, the paper makes a thematic observation to explore the theme of incompleteness in different aspects.
Maria Campbell’s autobiography Halfbreed is a self-exploration of herself in the process of her survival pursuit. Her thirty three years of bitter experience with racism and poverty are the major content of her autobiography. Moreover, she has also recorded in the work the sense of alienation in her own land which mainly has made her to feel the traumatic painful experience. Hence, Identity crisis is seen as the major issue that steeps as a block for not only to herself but also to her community women fully towards overcoming their social barriers like poverty, sexism, and racism. Moreover, her self-exploration sets up an ideal to her community women to become stronger and self-reliant. Hence, the paper argues that how Campbell has created her own identity while experiencing problems and issues on her growing up with shameful identity and how she has become the solution to all the halfbreeds like her. The paper further studies that how Campbell has dealt with shame and humiliations which are the threat in achieving empowerment. The paper also analyzes the solution that Campbell has developed by herself despite her negative experiences, what she has learned from the negatives and how she has constructed her own identity which strengthens herself and her community as well.
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