Psychiatric education can either reinforce stigmatization or reduce it. Therefore, detailed analyses of educational domains that reinforce stigma will be the starting point for anti-stigma action.
From cats prepared for chronic pollygraphic recording of sleep patterns, records were obtained for 8 hr, after (1) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), day 1; (2) i.c.v. injection of interleukin-1 (Il-1), day 2; and (3) injection of aCSF, day 3. Three doses of Il-1 were tested. The dose of 40 nmol totally inhibited sleep, whereas the dose of 10 nmol slightly prolonged sleep. The dose of 20 nmol of Il-1 elicited sleep and a body temperature increase. Total sleep (TS) time was significantly increased, due mainly to the significant increase in non-REM (NREM) sleep as compared to control day 1. REM sleep was also increased, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. Wakefulness (W) was significantly reduced. At this time cats were febrile. On day 3, a further significant increase in TS occurred. NREM was significantly increased compared with day 1, whereas the increase in REM sleep was significant compared to both day 1 and day 2. At this time body temperature was normal. The increase in REM sleep on days 2 and 3 resulted entirely from the significant increase in the number of REM periods. The results show that Il-1 at a dose of 20 nmol has sleep-promoting effects on NREM and REM sleep concomitant with pyrogenic effects. These two responses differed in their time courses and were not correlated (correlation coefficients were all nonsignificant).
2 figures)From cats prepared for chronic polygraphic recordings sleep patterns were obtained for 8 hours after : 1) intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), day 1; 2) icv injection of interleukin-1 (11-1), day 2; 3) injection of aCSF, 24 h after injection of Il-l, day 3; 4) injection of aCSF, 48 after injection of Il-l, day 4. Three doses of 11-1 were tested. The dose of 10 nmol slightly prolonged sleep, whereas a dose of 40 nmol totally inhibited sleep. Twenty nmol of 11-1 elicited sleep and increased body temperature. Total sleep (TS) time was significantly increased due to the significant increase in non REM (NREM) sleep as compared to the control day 1. REM sleep was also increased, but this increase did not reach statistical significance. Wakefulness (W) was significantly reduced. At this time the cats were febrile. On day 3, a further significant increase in TS occurred.NREM was significantly increased when compared with day 1, whereas the increase in REM sleep was significant when compared to both day 1 and day 2. At this time body temperature was normal. The increase in REM sleep on days 2 and 3 resulted entirely from the significant increase in the number of REM periods. On day 4, W showed tendency to increase while sleeping time decreased; such tendency suggests that sleep increase caused by 11-1 slowly returns to the control levels.Our results, together with the earlier evidence on somnogenic and pyrogenic action of 11-1, suggest that these actions may be temporarily dissociated. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Toronto on 01/03/15 For personal use only. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Toronto on 01/03/15 For personal use only. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Toronto on 01/03/15 For personal use only. point is the mean *SD "C for 6 animals. The same animals served for recording of behavioral states and temperature measurements. Correlation coefficients for the relation between behavioural states and temperature hourly changes during 11-1 administration and those during pre and post-11-1 injection were all nonsignificant. Critical value P
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