Picropodophyllotoxin (PPT) is an epimer of podophyllotoxin (PT), which is a bitter-tasting aryltetralin-type lignan and was the main component in the alcohol-soluble fraction of Podophyllum species (Canel et al., 2000;Gordaliza et al., 2004;Shah et al., 2021). PT targets microtubule assembly and exhibits potent anticancer activity but has severe systemic toxicity in normal cells (Gordaliza et al., 2004;Zhao et al., 2021). Thus, PPT with a low toxicity, 50% lethal dose (LD50) of more than 500 mg/kg in rodents was developed (Girnita et al., 2004;Vasilcanu et al., 2004). Interestingly, despite its high structural
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