Background: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of headache in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to assess its association as a predictor for COVID-19. This study also aimed to discuss the possible pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched as of September 2nd, 2020. Data on characteristics of the study, headache and COVID-19 were extracted following the PRISMA guidelines. Biases were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The cumulative prevalence of headache was calculated for the general population (i.e. adults and children). The pooled odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) was calculated using the Z test to assess the association between headache and the presence of COVID-19 cases. Results: We included 104,751 COVID-19 cases from 78 eligible studies to calculate the global prevalence of headache in COVID-19 and 17 studies were included to calculate the association of headache and COVID-19. The cumulative prevalence of headache in COVID-19 was 25.2% (26,464 out of 104,751 cases). Headache was found to be more prevalent, approximately by two-fold, in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients with symptoms of other respiratory viral infections, OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.94, 2.5 with p=0.04. Conclusion: Headache is common among COVID-19 patients and seems to be more common in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the non-COVID-19 viral infection. No definitive mechanisms on how headache emerges in COVID-19 patients but several possible hypotheses have been proposed. However, extensive studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020210332 (28/09/2020)
Foville Syndrome is a rare clinical feature of stroke or brain hemorrhage. Few cases have been reported worldwide particularly in Asian, Indonesia, Aceh. Patient 1: We report the case of a female 64 years old patient, was admitted in the Neurology Department of Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, for an abrupt onset of right body side weakness two day before admission. That weakness was preceded by acute headaches and rotatory vertigo with vomiting. with hypertension history since 5 years. Physical examination found paralysis of right oculomotor movements with intact response of pupils to light, right trochlear nerve palsy, left ipsilateral facial nerve palsy, and right hemiparesis which constitute of Foville syndrome. The brain CT scan shown in the right pontine hypodensity area is pontine infarct. Etiological investigations done to chronic hypertension. Patient received antiplatelet therapy and control of vascular risk factors for secondary prevention (hypertension theraphy), and physiotherapy as treatment with clinical improvement. And she has been discharge 8 days later. Patient 2: 45-year-old right-handed female, was admitted in the Neurology Department of Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia, for an abrupt onset of right body side weakness two day before admission. That weakness was preceded by acute headaches and rotatory vertigo with vomiting. with hypertension history since 5 years. Physical examination found paralysis of right oculomotor movements with intact response of pupils to light, right trochlear nerve palsy, left ipsilateral facial nerve palsy, and right hemiparesis which constitute of Foville syndrome. The brain CT scan shown spontaneous hemorrhage in the left pontine’s. Etiological investigations done to chronic hypertension. Patient received therapy control of vascular risk factors for secondary prevention (hypertension theraphy), and physiotherapy as treatment with clinical improvement. And she has been discharge 10 days later. The diagnosis and management of brainstem stroke bring a considerable burden to the healthcare system, the patient, the family members, and the society at large. The slow increase in the global burden of stroke has been steadily increasing.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya kontribusi Konsep diri terhadap motivasi siswa kelas X Jurusan Audio Vidio Di SMK Negeri 1 Padang semester genap Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021. Populasi penelitian ini berjumlah 623 siswa, dengan sampel berjumlah 99 siswa yang di ambil dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif korelasional. Penelitian ini meneliti kontribusi konsep diri terhadap motivasi belajar siswa. Penelitian kuantitatif adalah penelitian ilmiah yang sistematis terhadap bagan-bagan dan fenomena serta hubungan-hubungan. Instrument yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah angket yang disusun menurut model skala likert. Analisis data yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan program statistik pada komputer IBM Statistical 24 dan Microsoft Excel. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang peneliti lakukan dapat di lihat variabel konsep diri berada dalam kategori rendah dan variabel motivasi belajar berada dalam kategori rendah. Maka terdapat kontribusi antara konsep diri terhadap motivasi belajar siswa sebesar 22,27 = 22% berkontribusi dan berkategori sedang.
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