Present-day information technology is based mainly on incoherent processes in conventional semiconductor devices. To realize concepts for future quantum information technologies, which are based on coherent phenomena, a new type of 'hardware' is required. Semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for the basic device units for quantum information processing. One approach is to exploit optical excitations (excitons) in quantum dots. It has already been demonstrated that coherent manipulation between two excitonic energy levels--via so-called Rabi oscillations--can be achieved in single quantum dots by applying electromagnetic fields. Here we make use of this effect by placing an InGaAs quantum dot in a photodiode, which essentially connects it to an electric circuit. We demonstrate that coherent optical excitations in the quantum-dot two-level system can be converted into deterministic photocurrents. For optical excitation with so-called pi-pulses, which completely invert the two-level system, the current is given by I = fe, where f is the repetition frequency of the experiment and e is the elementary charge. We find that this device can function as an optically triggered single-electron turnstile.

No abstract

Simultaneous monitoring of multiple molecular interactions and multiplexed detection of several diagnostic biomarkers at very low concentrations have become important issues in advanced biological and chemical sensing. Here we present an optically multiplexed six-color Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor for simultaneous monitoring of five different individual binding events. We combined simultaneous FRET from one Tb complex to five different organic dyes measured in a filter-based time-resolved detection format with a sophisticated spectral crosstalk correction, which results in very efficient background suppression. The advantages and robustness of the multiplexed FRET sensor were exemplified by analyzing a 15-component lung cancer immunoassay involving 10 different antibodies and five different tumor markers in a single 50 μL human serum sample. The multiplexed biosensor offers clinically relevant detection limits in the low picomolar (ng/mL) concentration range for all five markers, thus providing an effective early screening tool for lung cancer with the possibility of distinguishing small-cell from non-small-cell lung carcinoma. This novel technology will open new doors for multiple biomarker diagnostics as well as multiplexed real-time imaging and spectroscopy.

A novel structure containing self-assembled, unstrained GaAs quantum dots is obtained by combining solid-source molecular beam epitaxy and atomic-layer precise in situ etching. Photo-luminescence (PL) spectroscopy reveals light emission with very narrow inhomogeneous broadening and clearly resolved excited states at high excitation intensity. The dot morphology is determined by scanning probe microscopy and, combined with single band and eight-band k.p theory calculations, is used to interpret PL and single-dot spectra with no adjustable structural parameter.

No abstract

In memory of Theodor Förster on the centenary of his birth on May 15th 2010Applications based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) play an important role in the determination of concentrations and distances within nanometer-scale systems in vitro and in vivo in the fields of biology, biochemistry, medicine, and other life sciences. [1][2][3] Due to the r À6 distance dependence of FRET, structural changes of molecular systems in the 1-10 nm range can be measured with high accuracy far below the light diffraction limit. Stryer et al. [4,5] demonstrated the spectroscopic ruler FRET technique more than 40 years ago, and it is still frequently used for in-and exvivo studies of inter-and intramolecular interactions by spectroscopy and microscopy down to the single-molecule level.[6-9] Several FRET-based biosensors for functional intracellular investigations have been developed. [10][11][12][13][14] Although most of these applications use single sensors, there have been some recent developments of dual FRET pairs for cellular imaging using fluorescent proteins, [15][16][17] and even with a single excitation wavelength.[18] Using a multiplexed FRET technique allows the simultaneous measurement of multiple distances or conformational changes, thereby decreasing time and effort whilst increasing bioanalytical information due to the possible correlation of simultaneous events.The FRET pair combination of luminescent terbium complexes (LTCs) as donors and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as acceptors holds significant advantages concerning sensitivity, distance, and multiparametric analysis compared to other donor-acceptor pairs. [19,20] Due to large overlap integral values, exceptionally long Förster radii (R 0 , the donor-acceptor distance at which the FRET efficiency is 50 %) of up to 11 nm can be achieved, [21][22][23] whereas conventional donor-acceptor pairs have much smaller R 0 values that rarely exceed 6 nm.[24] Although nanoplasmonic molecular rulers have been developed for which distances of up to about 70 nm can be measured, [25,26] these applications use relatively large noble metal nanoparticles (up to 40 nm) and are restricted in their multiplexed use of simultaneously measuring variable distances of different systems (for example, several different intracellular functional events within one measurement). The pioneering work of Weiss et al. demonstrated multiplexed optical rulers using quantum dots and ultrahigh-resolution colocalization (UHRC).[27] Although FRET has advantages concerning resolution accuracy and dynamic measurements, [28] UHRC is well-suited to measuring distances in the range of few nanometers to tens of micrometers. [29] Two very important aspects for intracellular studies with QDs are the shape and the size of these nanosensors, which can be crucial, for example, for cell penetration and for evaluation of the nanoparticle impact on the targeted biomolecules. Measuring the core/shell dimensions of the semiconductor material with TEM is possible with relatively good accuracy. However, ...

Recent experimental developments in the field of semiconductor quantum dot spectroscopy will be discussed. First we report about single quantum dot exciton twolevel systems and their coherent properties in terms of single qubit manipulations. In the second part we report on coherent quantum coupling in a prototype "two-qubit" system consisting of a vertically stacked pair of quantum dots. The interaction can be tuned in such quantum dot molecule devices using an applied voltage as external parameter.

We report on Ramsey fringes measured in a single InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot two-level system. We are able to control the transition energy of the system by Stark effect tuning. In combination with double pulse excitation this allows for a voltage controlled preparation of the phase and the occupancy of the two-level system. For long pulse delay times we observe extremely narrow fringes with spectral width below the homogeneous linewidth of the system. Implications on quantum information processing are discussed.