Objective To study the effect of using smokeless tobacco during pregnancy on babies' birth weight and gestational age at birth. Design Population based, prospective cohort study using a house to house approach. Setting Eight primary health post areas in the city of Mumbai (Bombay), India. Participants 1217 women who were three to seven months pregnant and planning to deliver in the study area. 1167 women (96%) were followed up. Main outcome measures Birth weight and gestational age in singleton births.
Objective To estimate the population caesarean section rate in urban India.Design Population-based cross sectional study.Setting Madras City (Chennai), India.Sample Seven hundred and eighty resident women who delivered in Madras between June 1997 and May 1999. Methods Cluster sampling was done using streets as cluster units. Thirty clusters were selected from 1255 clusters by the probability proportion to size method and 26 women were selected randomly from each cluster. Main outcome measures Total and primary caesarean rates.Results Total population caesarean section rate was 32.6% (95% CI 27-38) and primary caesarean section rate was 25% (95% CI 20 -30). Total caesarean section rates in the public, charitable and private sectors were 20%, 38% and 47%, respectively. Private sector deliveries had an odds ratio of 2.4 (95% CI 1.5, 3.8) of a primary caesarean section delivery in comparison with the public sector after adjustment for parity, age at delivery of mother and educational status. Conclusions Forty-seven percent of births by caesarean section in the private sector is alarming and could implicate private sector care as the main contributing factor behind the high population caesarean section rates. Policymakers should urgently institute systems for accountability and ethical practice and regularly monitor all medical interventions, before large scale exploitation of the rural markets begins.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, pathogenesis and management of mucormycosis in post covid 19 patients in our tertiary care covid dedicated hospital. A prospective cross sectional study was done in 70 patients who were admitted in the covid department of BJ Medical College, Civil hospital Ahmedabad and presented with mucormycosis during admission or after discharge over a period of 10 months from March 2020 to December 2020. Middle aged to elderly population were found to be most commonly affected with mucormycosis. It was found that majority of the affected population was uncontrolled diabeteic and had a delayed presentation to hospital due to ongoing covid pandemic crisis. Covid infection had major effect on the hormonal balance of the body as evident from the uncontrolled blood glucose levels of affected patients. In patients with mucormycosis, early detection, surgical debridement, suitable antifungal therapy, and control of risk factors like diabetes mellitus are the main parameters of successful management of this lethal infection. Early diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis can be life saving as it is a rapidly progressing disease and have been proven fatal.
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