The emergence of >300 serovars of Leptospira confounded the use of generalized bacterin, the whole cell lysate, as vaccines to control leptospirosis. Because of substantial genetic and geographic heterogeneity among circulating serovars, one vaccine strain per serovar cannot be efficacious against all the serovars. We have performed heterologous DNA prime-protein boost vaccination challenge studies in hamsters using in vivo expressed, leptospiral recombinase A (RecA) and flagellar hook associated protein (FliD). We prepared the monovalent recombinant protein, plasmid DNA, and DNA prime protein boost adjuvant vaccines. The whole cell bacterin served as a control. Our data show that (i) RecA and FliD have multiple immunogenic B and T-cell epitopes with highly conserved domains among most prevalent pathogenic Leptospira spp., (ii) humoral and cell mediated immune responses were induced remarkably, (iii) provides significant protection against homologous (Autumnalis strain N2) and cross-clade heterologous (Canicola strain PAI-1) challenge infection for the heterologous prime-protein boost (∼91–100%) and, the DNA vaccine (∼75–83%). Recombinant protein vaccine shows only partial protection (∼58–66%), (iv) RecA prime-protein boost vaccine shows sterilizing immunity, with heterologous protection. This RecA/FliD prime-protein boost strategy holds potential for vaccination against animal leptospirosis and for a better control of zoonotic transmission.
Literature in contemporary times reflects the unhidden truths which act as a threat to power structures, and also, at the same time, it challenges history and historiography. Culture Studies has made literature to be Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary. Exile Testimonio showcases the plight of the natives in their homeland. In his work Benang and That Deadman Dance, Kim Scott foregrounds the traumatic mental emancipation of the people who oppose acculturation. In contemporary times, academia is of the misconception that Exile and Testimonio are irreconcilable binaries. This research article contemplates the fact that Exile and Testimonio can be merged by confronting the sufferings of the people of Australia in the works of Kim Scott, respectively, Benang and That Deadman Dance. Culture is a predominant factor in the theoretical discourse of Exile Testimonio. Through conflicts, the culture is being uprooted by the natives, and the writers have showcased it in their literary pieces.
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