On a soumis 89 artefacts prehistoriques en cuivre de Serbie Orientale et centrale, a une analyse de leur teneur en traces d'elements et celle de corps etrangers qu'ils contiennent, ainsi qu'a une analyse de la composition isotopique du plomb. Les prelevements couvrent une longue periode, qui s'etend des phases les plus anciennes de Vinca-Plocnik jusqu'au Bronze ancien, toutefois la majorite d'entre eux provient de l'Eneolithique. La serie renferme 17 objets de Plocnik et 12 de la Zlotska Pecina. Plus d'un tiers des objets etudies sont representes par des baches cruxiformes provenant de divers gisements. On a aussi soumis a une analyse 18 prelevements de perles en malachite et de fragments de malachite provenant de Selevac et de Medvednjak, cjue date de la phase recente de Vinca-Tordos a la phase ancienne de Vinca-Plocnik. On a reussi a determiner, en accord avec des analyses plus anciennes, que la plupart des objets en cuivre eneolithiques, a l'exception de deux burins et d'unc hache-marteau provenant de Plocnik et d'une hacbe-marteau provenant de Sumrakovac etait compose d'un cuivre d'une purete remarquable. Tons les objets en metal plus recents contiennent des teneurs en impuretes nettement plus hautes, en particulier en arsenic et en antimoine. On trouva des traces de mercure dans les quatre plus anciens objets, ceci indique que les objets etaient fabriques avec un cuivre de bonne qualite. Ce resultat s'accorde donc de par sä remarquable purete avec les analyses anterieures. Brought to you by |
We present data on the chemical and lead isotope composition of copper and bronze objects from Nuragic Sardinia. The sample suite comprises, inter alia, objects from the hoard ®nds at Arzachena (21 objects), Bonnanaro (10), Ittireddu (34), and Pattada (20), all in northern Sardinia. With one exception, all ingot fragments (49) consist of unalloyed copper; the exception comes from Ittireddu and contains 11 per cent tin. In contradistinction, all implements (21) are made from standard bronze with a mean tin content of 10.8 per cent. A dozen sword fragments from the Arzachena hoard, all of fairly uniform small size, are pieces of a large number of different swords. The low tin content of only about 1 per cent would have made for poor weapons, con®rming the archaeological identi®cation of the fragments as pieces of votive swords. Scrap metal from Arzachena is remarkable for its wide range of trace element contents and lead isotope abundance ratios. It is dissimilar to all other metal samples investigated, possibly representing metal from local smelting experiments using a variety of different copper ores. Lead isotope data and trace element patterns, alone or in conjunction, do not allow us to tell oxhide ingots from plano-convex (bun) ingots. Most ingot fragments have a lead isotope signature similar to those of Cypriot copper ores but there are also a number of ingots whose lead isotope ®ngerprints are fully compatible with them being local products. Of the bronzes, none has lead with an isotopic composition characteristic of copper ingots from Cyprus. All contain local lead, suggesting the bronze implements were manufactured locally. Isotopically-®tting lead is found in copper and lead ore deposits from the Iglesiente-Sulcis district in south-west Sardinia and from Funtana Raminosa in central Sardinia.
Recent excavations in southern Jordan have reveuled the largest Early Bronze Age (c. 3600-2000 BC) metal manufactory in the ancient Near East. On-site Geographic Information Sysferns (GIs) antrlyses of the finds provide new evidence concerning the scale and organization of metal production nt n time when ttiefirst cities emerged in this part of the Near East. Materials and lead isotope analyses of the metallurgical finds provide important data for reconstructing ancient metal processing and for identijjing trade networks.
The majority of the well-stratified Early Bronze Age metal objects from Poliochni, with the exclusion of one hoard find, was analyzed for their chemical and lead isotope composition. The results show that a major change occurred in the metal used at Poliochni during periods contemporary with Troy I and Troy II. Unalloyed or arsenical copper with relatively high lead contents during the earliest two periods 'auurro ' and 'verde ' is gradually replaced and supplemented by tin bronze which, during period 'giallo ', i.e., by the end of Troy It, becomes the dominant metal type. Lead isotope abundance ratios in the earlier artefacts are consistent with a derivation of the metal from regional ore sources but the trace element abundance pattern is not. Concurrent with the appearance of tin bronzes is an increase in the diversity of ore deposits exploited; for about one third of the artefacts from period 'giallo' there is as yet no matching ore source in all Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean. It is argued that the tin bronzes have been imported as such but that the lead isotope signature does not provide any direct clues to the origin of the tin.
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