Explorative experiments were done to figure out differences in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of not infested trees and trees infested by Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorn beetle, ALB), a quarantine pest. Therefore, VOCs from some native insect species, Anoplophora glabripennis infested Acer, stressed Acer, healthy Acer, Populus and Salix were obtained by enrichment on adsorbents. Qualitative analysis was done by thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (TD-GC/MS). Altogether 169 substances were identified. 11 substances occur from ALB infested or mechanically damaged trees i.e. stressed trees, but not from healthy trees. (+)-Cyclosativene, (+)-α-longipinene, copaene and caryophyllene are detectable only from ALB-infested Acer not from mechanically damaged or healthy Acer. However, these substances are also emitted by healthy Salix. 2,4-Dimethyl-1-heptene is among all tree samples exclusively present in the ambience of ALB-infested trees. It´s rarely detectable from native insect species' samples. During the last years the threat through invasive species has increased 1. The main reasons for a further increase of invasive species in the next years are international trade due to globalisation and climatic changes 1. Increasing temperatures show an influence on the duration of lifecycle and development of insects. With regards to infested areas in Italy, Bidinger et al. expect a shift of infested areas northwards and therefore an extension of infested areas 2. Concerning Anoplophora glabripennis (ALB), an increase in damage is expected due to its high ability of adaption 2. Currently, invasive insects' damage is estimated at US$70.0 billion per year globally and US$3.6 billion per year in Europe. One of the costliest insects is Anoplophora glabripennis with an estimated damage of US$3.0 billion per year in North America and Europe 3. Counter measures are visual monitoring of infested areas, pheromone traps and, to some extent, sniffer dogs 4,5. Sniffer dogs seem to be a good choice especially for major area infestations or major quarantine zones. Besides the use of sniffer dogs for the detection of explosives and for mantrailing 6 , in the last years sniffer dogs have been used for new purposes. They are used for health reasons like the detection of cancer 7-14 as well as for the search for corpses (human remains detection) 15 , bacteria in milk 16 or wildlife detection 17. DeGreef et al. were able to show distinct differences concerning the VOC odour profiles of deceased bodies, living human objects and animal remains 16. The identification of VOCs play an important role for the identification of cancer markers in patients' breath or liquids 12,14. Though the use of sniffer dogs still offers a variety of advantages in the detection of odourants 18 , VOCs have become more relevant as instrumental analytical methods, as well as their detection limits, are constantly improved. Influence parameters on the success of a canine's search are unclear and not com...
With the increasing demand for ultrapure water in the pharmaceutical and semiconductor industry, the need for precise measuring instruments for those applications is also growing. One critical parameter of water quality is the amount of total organic carbon (TOC). This work presents a system that uses the advantage of the increased oxidation power achieved with UV/O3 advanced oxidation process (AOP) for TOC measurement in combination with a significant miniaturization compared to the state of the art. The miniaturization is achieved by using polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis cells for ozone generation in combination with UV-LEDs for irradiation of the measuring solution, as both components are significantly smaller than standard equipment. Conductivity measurement after oxidation is the measuring principle and measurements were carried out in the TOC range between 10 and 1000 ppb TOC. The suitability of the system for TOC measurement is demonstrated using the oxidation by ozonation combined with UV irradiation of defined concentrations of isopropyl alcohol (IPA).
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