DNA technology has shown to be a valuable investigative tool in the release of innocent people and the identification of those responsible for serious crimes. In the battle against illegal immigration, cross-border crime, and terrorism, the transnational DNA data interchange from national DNA databanks has become a current trend. The data types that can be shared and the system is managed by a national authority are governed by individual national legislation, which determines the scope of the data exchange. Furthermore, one of the most difficult problems in forensic science is DNA profiling, and it is a hotly debated topic. The number of unknowns in a combination raises the computational difficulty of DNA profiling dramatically. To overcome this issue, various approaches have been designed and implemented. As a result, we examine DNA profiling methodologies and tools in this study, focusing on their computational accuracy and performance. Furthermore, this research examines the available data on DNA exchange and comparison across borders. We hope this review provides more ideas for future research to choose efficient profiling techniques.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been a significant factor in the criminal justice system since it was first used in forensic investigations. The reference sample's DNA profile is typically compared to the DNA profile from the evidence sample from the crime scene criminal cases. Familial DNA analysis can identify a person and provide significant investigation leads even without a reference sample for comparison in a criminal investigation process. The potential source of a forensic biological sample is determined using several indirect database searching techniques. These DNA-based techniques include Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, investigative genetic genealogy (IGG), familial searching, and Y-STR database searching. This study examined these methods and compares them in terms of searching efficiency, database structures, searching methods, genotyping technologies, data security, data quality, and costs. It also raises several possible legal and privacy problems for scientists to consider further. The significance of familial DNA analysis, the procedures used for finding and identifying relatives using familial DNA, and its benefits in forensics are all covered in this paper. Additionally, future options for the appropriate application of this technology and social, legal, and ethical concerns related to familial DNA analysis have been considered.
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