In most patients, each of the three different therapeutic approaches restored renal function and significantly reduced the fibrotic mass in the short-term and maintained stable serum creatinine in the long-term.

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Our results demonstrate that nociceptin/orphanin FQ is able to elicit a robust inhibitory effect on voiding reflex in group 2 but not 1. The ideal dosage, route of administration of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and treatment interval are not yet established.

The presence of a high number of CECs in the active phase of chronic periaortitis and their normalization during inactive disease suggest that endothelial damage may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.