3D printing, also called additive manufacturing (AM), is a method of creating 3D solid parts from a digital document. By utilizing additive routes, the fabrication of 3D-printed objects can be made. These layers can be viewed as a gently cut level cross-area of the manifest object. 3D printing is somewhat in obstruction to subtractive manufacture, which is expelling/discharging out a touch of metal or plastic for the occurrence of a milling machine. 3D printing authorizes creating multifarious profiles employing fewer materials than conventional fabrication systems. This review article provides the general idea of 3D printing production techniques, materials used, and applications in the aircraft and automobile industry and biomedical fields.
The synergistic effects of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and
nanokaolinite
particles were studied using PAN/nanokaolinite mixed-matrix membranes
(MMMs). Nanokaolinite was obtained from naturally available kaolin
clay by an intercalation/exfoliation method. The kaolinite nanoparticles
were added in varying compositions from 2.5 to 10 wt % at an increment
of 2.5 wt % to PAN in the presence of the solvent N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF). The uniform
dispersion of nanokaolinite in the PAN matrix was achieved with the
help of ultrasonication. The PAN/nanokaolinite material was characterized
by attenuated-total-reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. Contact-angle
measurements showed increased hydrophilicity due to the nanokaolinite
addition that, in turn, helped reduce membrane fouling. Thermal stability
and miscibility were characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis
(TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The pure-water
permeability flux increased from 122.8 to 264.93 L m–2 h–1 with increasing nanokaolinite concentration
from 0 to 7.5 wt %. Rejection studies using protein showed an improved
rejection efficiency of 92.7%, which is higher than that of the neat
PAN membrane. PAN/nanokaolinite MMMs were also investigated in the
separation of synthetic rhodamine B dye with and without the macroligand
poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) for which the dye removal
efficiency and flux were compared. Nanokaolinite-based MMMs are an
inexpensive material and provide enhanced properties such as porosity,
hydrophilicity, thermal stability, rejection, and productivity.
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