Endoscopic procedures may be considered an acceptable alternative in children with DWM. The authors propose a treatment protocol based on preoperative MR imaging findings of associated aqueductal stenosis.

Various surgical approaches to treat intraventricular cysticercosis have been practiced over the years. We now present our experience with the use of the endoscope in the removal of intraventricular cysticercal cysts in patients with intraventricular cysticercal lesions associated with hydrocephalus. From 1995 to 1998, we have excised intraventricular cysticercal cysts from 9 patients. They were located in lateral ventricle in 4, in the third ventricle in two and in the fourth ventricle in three patients. A Gaab's rigid neuroendoscope system was used to enter and excise cysts in the lateral and third ventricle. The flexible fiberoptic scope was used for excising cysts in the fourth ventricle, through a transaqueductal route. In all cases a precoronal frontal burr hole was used for entry. All have been treated with albendazole in the postoperative period. All the cysts were removed successfully using endoscopic neurosurgery alone. One patient had a superficial injury to the rigid side of the aqueduct with a postoperative deficit, which improved. Three septal perforations, three third ventriculostomies, and one aqueductoplasty were done in the same sitting after cyst removal for CSF diversion. None of the nine cases required further surgery up to date. The follow-up period varied from 12 to 45 months with a median of 18 months. Endoscopic neurosurgery is a minimally invasive technique enabling removal of intraventricular cyticercal cysts from all locations, avoiding major craniotomies/posterior fossa explorations and shunts.

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Acquired fourth ventricular outlet obstruction, an uncommon entity, has been conventionally managed by ventriculoperitoneal shunt placements or excision of the obstructing membranes. The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy is highlighted in the present communication. Three patients presenting with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure were diagnosed to have fourth ventricular outlet obstruction by neuroimaging studies and underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy. All the patients had relief of their symptoms in the postoperative period. Neuroimaging studies performed at follow-up revealed decrease in ventricular size in all. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is a useful alternative in the management of acquired fourth ventricular outlet obstruction.

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