The isolation of obligate halophilic aspergilli from the Dead Sea and the range of salt tolerance of halophilic fungi isolated, are reported here for the first time. The mycobiota of the Dead Sea isolated in this study, was dominated by Aspergillus and Penicillium species; Cladosporium were found in lesser numbers. All three genera were obtained from the water sample; however, Aspergillus was the only genus obtained from the sediment. There was significant difference in growth of each isolate at different salt concentrations and intraspecies analysis revealed dissimilarity in response of strains to different salt concentrations in the growth medium The isolates were euryhaline, with halotolerance up to 20-25% solar salt, Aspergillus and Penicillium species showing a higher level of halotolerance, as compared to that of Cladosporium. Halophilic fungi were found in greater numbers in the sediment sample as compared to that in the water sample. Penicillium and Cladosporium species were exclusively facultative halophiles, while some species of Aspergillus were facultative halophiles. All the obligate halophiles isolated, belonged to the genus Aspergillus and were identified as A. penicillioides and A unguis, the latter being a first record of the species from the Dead Sea.
Halophilic mycobiota was isolated from Mandovi estuary and it was dominated by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Cladosporium and Eurotium were found in lesser numbers while obligate halophiles were found only amongst the aspergilla and they were all identified as Aspergillus penicillioides. Some aspergilli and all the isolates of Penicillium, Cladosporium and Eurotium were facultative halophiles. There were significant differences in growth of each isolate at different salt concentrations. Most of the isolates were euryhaline, having a wide range of salt tolerance; a few were stenohaline, with a narrow range of halotolerance. The isolates were mainly moderate halophiles, with a very few slight halophiles. Isolation of obligate halophilic fungi from polyhaline environment of an estuary is hereby reported for the first time.
Rasashastra study of metal and mineral medicines is one of the oriental sciences which comes in the do-main of god Shiva –the important deity of Rasashastra. It is understood that the term Rasashastra denotes Parada, Maharasa, Uparasa and Sadharana Rasa. Rasdravyas are the group of a drug which processed with Parada and helps to achieve Lohavada and Dhatuvada. Sadharana Rasa are less and commonly use-ful in mercurial preparation. The word controversy refers to a confusion and unauthenticated or unjustified version of subjects. Due to lack of difference opinion of scholar regarding identification, properties drugs, leads to reject in quality of Rasa preparations. It is creating problem for uniformity in standardization of Rasaushadhies. Standardization is required to rule out the state of uncertainty regarding the identification and use of drugs, to meet the challenges of new millennium with increasing demand on our products glob-ally.
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