Background: Cytological smear and cell block are commonly used to diagnose pleural fluid effusion. However, there is a paucity of information in the literature where a comparison between a cytological smear and a cell block with corresponding pleural biopsy has been done. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of cytological smears, cell blocks, and pleural biopsy for the diagnosis of malignant tumors. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, analysis of successive pleural fluid samples received by the department was done. The sample was divided into equal halves of 5 ml each. One was used for conventional smear and the second was used for the preparation of cell block. The cell block was prepared by centrifuging the specimen of fluid at 2500 rpm for 15 min. A pleural biopsy was obtained by using Cope's pleural biopsy needle. Results: A total of n = 50 cases were included in the study. A total of n = 8 cases were diagnosed as malignant by cell smear and n = 4 cases were suspicious for malignancy. By cell block, n = 10 cases of malignancy were diagnosed and n = 1 case was suspicious for malignancy. By biopsy, n = 11 cases were diagnosed as malignant and n = 1 case was suspicious for malignancy. Out of the total, n = 2 cases were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma by biopsy; one case was diagnosed by cell block; and the other was reported as suspicious for malignancy. Conclusion: The study shows that cell blocks are complementary to the cell smear technique in over diagnosis and categorization of benign as well as malignant cells. The cell blocks were more useful in the diagnosis of malignancy because of better preserved architectural patterns as seen in corresponding histopathology sections. It, therefore, appears that the cell blocks are a perfect fit to bridge the cytology and histopathology.
The pancreas comprises exocrine and endocrine compartments, with the latter comprising the pancreatic islet with its endocrine cells. In both type1 and type2 diabetes, several morphological changes occur in the pancreas, but the predominant feature of beta cell loss. Our aim of this study is to find out of histopathological changes in pancreas due to diabetes and correlate it with clinical findings. Methods: A prospective study was done on 50 autopsy specimens of pancreas. Specimens were fixed in formalin and tissue was adequately processed. The sections were stained with routine haematoxylene and eosin stain. Results: In our study 86% cases were of T1DM and 14% of T2DM. Most common age group was between 40-60 years (62% cases). 68% cases had duration of DM of 10-20 years. On histopathological examination, 85% Cases of T1DM revealed cytolysis and inflammation in exocrine pancreas. In cases of T2DM cytolysis was seen in 32% cases, inflammation in 25% and fibrosis in 16% cases.. Fibrosis was present in 14% cases of T1DM and 25% cases of T2DM in endocrine pancreas. Insulitis in endocrine pancreas was seen in 85% cases of T1DM and 34% cases of T2DM. Thus, the most common finding was reduced beta cell mass in T2DM and insulitis in T1DM. Findings were correlated with age, sex and duration of diabetes. Conclusion: With increasing incidence of diabetes knowledge of pathogenesis of changes due to diabetes in pancreas may lead to research of further targeted therapy in better management of diabetes in future. Changes that occur in pancreas due to diabetes are more evident in long standing diabetes and early changes are not evident in routine histopathological sections.
Background and Aim: Sickle cell syndrome is a group of inherited hematological disorders with varying degrees of anemia, jaundice, fatiguability along with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The clinical presentations can be may vary and therefore require thorough investigations. We tried to evaluate the spectrum of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia in pediatric patients of our hospital. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, A total of n = 200 consecutive cases were detected during the period of study. A thorough history and detailed clinical examination were done. Hb electrophoresis was done in the present study using HYDRASYS ® Electrophoresis Systems from Sebia. Results: The overall prevalence of SCD in our study was 6.83% the existence of this is found to be greater in the males as compared to females which is in agreement with prevalence across India with more male than female. Thalassemia was prevalent at the rate of 3.96%, sickle cell anemia had a prevalence of 1.98% sickle thalassemia was 0.89%. N = 20 pairs of Parents recognized genetic counseling i.e., with a single child or who wanted further children readily underwent HPLC analysis. Conclusion: The existence of SCD in our study group is lesser as compared to the South India average. Preventive programs consisting of public education, population screening, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis have been very effective in reducing both rates of β-Thalassemia major. Sickle cell anemia is of prime importance because of its high prevalence, morbimortality and the absence of curative treatments.
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