The walleye (Sander vitreus) is a golden yellow fish that inhabits the Northern American lakes. The recent sightings of the blue walleye and the correlation of its sighting to possible increased UV radiation have been proposed earlier. The underlying molecular basis of its adaptation to increased UV radiation is the presence of a protein (Sandercyanin)-ligand complex in the mucus of walleyes. Degradation of heme by UV radiation results in the formation of Biliverdin IXα (BLA), the chromophore bound to Sandercyanin. We show that Sandercyanin is a monomeric protein that forms stable homotetramers on addition of BLA to the protein. A structure of the Sandercyanin-BLA complex, purified from the fish mucus, reveals a glycosylated protein with a lipocalin fold. This protein-ligand complex absorbs light in the UV region (λ max of 375 nm) and upon excitation at this wavelength emits in the red region (λ max of 675 nm). Unlike all other known biliverdin-bound fluorescent proteins, the chromophore is noncovalently bound to the protein. We provide here a molecular rationale for the observed spectral properties of Sandercyanin.Sandercyanin | walleye | blue protein | red fluorescent protein | UV radiation
Ethylene carbonate, a cyclic organic carbonate widely used industrially, is toxic when metabolically converted to ethylene glycol. A rat liver enzyme active in catalyzing the ring opening has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity and found to be active in the hydrolysis of ethylene, vinylene, and propylene carbonates to CO 2 and the respective glycols. Neither thiocarbonates nor open chain carbonates served as substrate nor did a variety of esters, lactams, lactones, and related heterocycles. The enzyme was active, however, with imides and appears to be identical to rat liver imidase. The identification was confirmed by copurification of enzyme activities, by similarities in the pattern of inhibition, and by the reactivity with a polyclonal antibody directed against the enzyme purified here.The systemic toxicity observed with ethylene carbonate, a cyclic organic carbonate that serves as a major intermediate in the plastics industry, was recognized as being similar to the effects of ethylene glycol (1). When the cyclic carbonate was fed to rats, ethylene glycol accumulated as did more oxidized metabolic products (1).Since simple hydrolysis of ethylene carbonate results in the formation of ethylene glycol (Reaction 1), we examined a number of commercially available esterases, expecting to find one capable of catalyzing the conversion. The survey included rabbit and porcine liver esterases and pancreatic lipase, the last enzyme having recently been shown to hydrolyze large, micellular organic carbonates (2). Ethylene carbonate was not a substrate of any of these enzymes. Because of an interest in the family of enzymes that are active in detoxication, enzymes that are generally characterized by extremely broad substrate specificity (3), we searched for activity toward the cyclic organic carbonate functional group.We report the isolation in homogeneous form of an enzyme from rat liver that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ethylene carbonate as well as certain other cyclic organic carbonates but that is inactive toward linear organic carbonates and carboxyesters. Of specific interest is the finding that the isolated enzyme appears to be identical to one variously described as dihydropyrimidinase (EC 3.5.2.2), hydantoinase, dihydropyrimidine hydrase, and dihydropyrimidine aminohydrolase, an enzyme previously identified as a nonspecific imidase active with a large number of cyclic and linear imides (4). MATERIALS AND METHODSOrganic carbonates and their analogues were from Aldrich; sources of additional candidate substrates have been presented (4). Unless otherwise noted, other reagents and enzymes were from Sigma. ElectrophoresisPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed with an X-cell Minigel Cell (Novex, San Diego) using the manufacturer's precast isoelectric focusing gels (pH 3-10 range) as well their 14% Tris-glycine gels; the latter were used with SDS by the method of Laemmli (5). Isoelectric focusing was conducted at 100 V for the first h, 200 V for the second h, and 500 V for the last 30 min. Protein stan...
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