Background and objectives Understanding the drivers for care-seeking among those who present with symptoms of TB is crucial for early diagnosis of TB and prompt treatment, which will in turn halt further TB transmission. While TB is a challenge among the tribal population, little is known about the care-seeking behaviour and the factors influencing care-seeking behaviour among the tribal population across India. Methodology This community-based descriptive study was carried out in 17 states of India across 6 zones, covering 88 villages from tribal districts with over 70% tribal population. The sample population included individuals ≥15 years old who were screened through an interview for symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB (PTB), currently and/or previously on anti-TB treatment. Those with symptoms were then assessed on their health-seeking behavior using a semi-structured interview schedule. Results Among 74532 eligible participants screened for symptoms suggestive of TB, 2675 (3.6%) were found to be presumptive TB cases. Of them, 659 (24.6%) sought care for their symptoms. While 48.2% sought care after a week, 19.3% sought care after one month or more, with no significant difference in the first point of care; 46.9% approaching a private and 46.7% a public facility. The significant factors influencing care-seeking behaviour were knowledge on TB (OR: 4.64 (3.70–5.83), p < 0.001), age<35 years (OR: 1.60 (1.28–2.00), p < 0.001), co-morbidities like asthma (OR: 1.80 (1.38–2.35), p < 0.001) and blood pressure (OR: 2.59 (1.75–3.85), p < 0.001), symptoms such as blood in sputum (OR: 1.69 (1.32–2.16), p < 0.001), shortness of breath (OR: 1.43 (1.19–1.72), p < 0.001) and weight loss (OR: 1.59 (1.33–1.89), p < 0.001). The cough was the most often reported symptom overall. There were gender differences in symptoms that prompted care-seeking: Males were more likely to seek care for weight loss (OR: 1.78 (1.42–2.23), p<0.001), blood in the sputum (OR: 1.69 (1.25–2.28), p<0.001), shortness of breath (OR: 1.49 (1.18–1.88), p<0.001) and fever (OR: 1.32 (1.05–1.65), p = 0.018). Females were more likely to seek care for blood in sputum (OR: 1.68 (1.10–2.58), p = 0.018) and shortness of breath (OR = 1.35, (1.01–1.82), p = 0.048). The cough did not feature as a significant symptom that prompted care-seeking. Conclusion Delayed healthcare-seeking behaviour among those with symptoms presumptive of TB in the tribal population is a major concern. Findings point to differences across gender about symptoms that prompt care-seeking in this population. Gender-sensitive interventions with health system strengthening are urgently needed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment among this population.

In India, the tribal population constitutes almost 8.6% of the nation's total population. This study attempts to provide information pertaining to the TB strain diversity, its public health implications, and distribution among the tribal population in 10 Indian states and Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) Island. Clinical isolates were received from 66 villages (10 states and island). A total of 78 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were received from 10 different states and A&N Island. Among these, 16 different strains were observed. The major M. tuberculosis strains spoligotype belong to the Beijing, CAS1_DELHI, and EAI5 family followed by EAI1_SOM, EAI6_BGD1, LAM3, LAM6, LAM9, T1, T2, U strains. Drug-susceptibility testing (DST) results showed almost 15.4% of clinical isolates found to be resistant to isoniazid (INH) or rifampicin (RMP) + INH. Predominant multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates seem to be Beijing strain. Beijing, CAS1_DELHI, EAI3_IND, and EAI5 were the principal strains infecting mixed tribal populations across India. Despite the small sample size, this study has demonstrated higher diversity among the TB strains with signi cant MDR-TB ndings. Prevalence of Beijing MDR-TB strains in Central, Southern, Eastern India and A&N Island indicates the transmission of the TB strains.

In India, the tribal population constitutes almost 8.6% of the nation’s total population. This study attempts to provide information pertaining to the TB strain diversity, its public health implications, and distribution among the tribal population in 10 Indian states and Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) Island. Clinical isolates were received from 66 villages (10 states and island). A total of 78 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were received from 10 different states and A&N Island. Among these, 16 different strains were observed. The major M. tuberculosis strains spoligotype belong to the Beijing, CAS1_DELHI, and EAI5 family followed by EAI1_SOM, EAI6_BGD1, LAM3, LAM6, LAM9, T1, T2, U strains. Drug-susceptibility testing (DST) results showed almost 15.4% of clinical isolates found to be resistant to isoniazid (INH) or rifampicin (RMP) + INH. Predominant multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates seem to be Beijing strain. Beijing, CAS1_DELHI, EAI3_IND, and EAI5 were the principal strains infecting mixed tribal populations across India. Despite the small sample size, this study has demonstrated higher diversity among the TB strains with significant MDR-TB findings. Prevalence of Beijing MDR-TB strains in Central, Southern, Eastern India and A&N Island indicates the transmission of the TB strains.