The additional bulk deformation of a granulated material (sand), which is caused by shear deformation, was first observed by Reynolds in I886, and is called dilatancy* (loosening) [1].For recompacted sandy soils, shear deformations cause their volume to increase -dilatancy -esr, and for incompletely compacted soils, additional compaction leads to contraction +est. For normally compacted soils, additional bulk shear deformation is zero. As was again noted by Denisov [2], the porosity of soils subjected to shear tends to a critical value, and the state to the normally compacted state.
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