A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season, 2011-12 at Niche Area Excellence Farm, Bikaner to study the effect of crop geometry, drip irrigation and bio-regulator on growth, water use efficiency and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three irrigation schedules viz., 60, 80 and 100 per cent ETc, two crop geometry levels viz., 22cm paired row spacing-4 rows (120 cm lateral spacing) and 22 cm normal spacing sowing (60 cm lateral spacing) and two levels of bioregulator viz., control (water spray) and thiourea (500 ppm) foliar spray twice at vegetative stage and flowering stage. The study indicated that there was increase in dry matter accumulation, plant height, grain yield and biological yield with increase in irrigation level from 60 per cent ETc to 100 per cent ETc. The study further indicated that dry matter accumulation and plant height was maximum in paired row as compared to normal planting whereas grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were maximum in normal planting as compared to paired row planting. The study indicated that dry matter accumulation significantly increase only 60 and 120 DAS and plant height at only 120 DAS with the thiourea (500 ppm) as compared to control. The study also indicated that the interaction effect of irrigation and geometry gave maximum grain yield, biological yield and WUE at 100 per cent ETc +60 cm drip line spacing, maximum harvest index at 60 per cent ETc + 60 cm drip line spacing whereas maximum WUE at 80 per cent ETc + 60 cm drip line spacing.
Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Bikaner (Rajasthan) to study the effect of bioregulators viz., TGA and N-acetyl cystein under different drip irrigation levels on yield, yield attributes, water use and water use efficiency of fenugreek. The highest plant height (69 cm) and yield attributes viz., branches plant -1 (7.6), pods plant -1 (46.3), pod length (13.5 cm), seed pod -1 (16) and test weight (12.7 g) were recorded with 100% ETc + TGA (200 ppm). Further, 80% ETc + TGA (200 ppm), and 100% ETc + N-acetyl cystein (both 10 and 20 ppm) and 100% ETc + TGA (both 100 and 200 ppm) produced comparable plant height. However, 80% ETc + N-acetyl cystein (both 10 and 20 ppm), 80% ETc + TGA (both 100 and 200 ppm), 100% ETc + N-acetyl cystein (both 10 and 20 ppm), 100% ETc + TGA (100 ppm) and 100% ETc + TGA (200 ppm) recorded at par branches plant -1 , pods plant -1 , pod length and test weight of fenugreek. Highest seed and biological yield of fenugreek were recorded with 100% ETc + Nacetyl cystein (20 ppm), which was at par with 100% ETc + N-acetyl cystein (10 ppm) and 100% ETc + TGA (both 100 and 200 ppm). Maximum water use recorded at 100% ETc with or without bioregulators, whereas maximum water use efficiency was recorded with 60% ETc + N-acetyl cystein (20 ppm) followed by 60% ETc + N-acetyl cystein (10 ppm).
A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of agriculture, Bikaner (Rajasthan) during rabi season to study the influence of drip irrigation levels on yield, water use efficiency and nutrient uptake of different cultivars of fennel. Results revealed that irrigation through drip at 1.0 PE recorded significantly highest number of umbels plant -1 (30.90) and number of umbellate umbel -1 (20.04). Water use was higher when crop was irrigated at 1.0 PE, where as water use efficiency was found maximum (2.26 kg ha -1 mm) with application of 0.85 PE drip irrigation. Significantly highest nutrient (NPK) uptake by seed and stover recorded with 1.0 PE level of irrigation but remained at par with 0.85 PE. Total nutrient uptake (seed and stover) increased significantly with increasing level of irrigation. Among the different cultivars RF-205 found superior over the RF-101, RF-125 and RF-143. Different cultivars could not influence nitrogen uptake and potassium uptake by seed. Test weight was not significantly influenced by both irrigation levels and cultivars.
Availability of ample and nutritious fodder for livestock is always a challenge in arid region. Choice of crops such as groundnut that can fulfil the requirement of fodder with its crop residues along with human needs can be a viable option to bridge the gap between availability and requirement of fodder. The fodder yield and quality largely depend on soil moisture and nutrient supply especially sulphur (S), a key nutrient for improving groundnut fodder quality. However, no researchers have given emphasis on coupling effect of drip irrigation (DI) and sulphur on fodder yield, quality, digestibility and water use efficiency (WUE). Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the effects of different regimes of DI and S on productivity and quality of fodder. Results revealed that higher regimes of DI i.e. 0.8 +1.0 PE(pan evaporation) and 1.0 PE level of irrigation along with 40 kg S ha-1 significantly improved the yield, primary quality traits (crude protein, ether extract and ash), digestibility indices and significant reduction in Fibers which indicates improvement in quality of fodder. Fodder productivity was 27.0 and 25.6% higher in 1.0 PE and 0.8+1.0 PE level of irrigation, respectively, as compared to 0.6 PE level (lower water regime) of irrigation, although 0.6 PE level of irrigation recorded higher WUE and was at par with 0.8 PE and 0.6 +1.0 PE level of DI. By changing the levels of DI from 1.0 PE to 0.8+1.0 PE, considerable water can be saved without affecting the yield and quality of fodder. Similarly, crop responded to S up to 60 kg ha-1 but at par with 40 kg S ha-1 indicating that application of extra S after 40 kg did not warrant any extra benefit in terms of fodder yield, WUE and quality of fodder. Thus, adjusting the PE levels of DI for water saving and optimal S application can be a sustainable strategy to improve the productivity and quality of groundnut fodder in arid region.
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