This report represents epidemiological overview on biopsy proven renal disease coming from one specific Balkan country, which was under economic sanctions for almost half the studied period. We are hoping that this register will be the basis for developing not only a national register but also a register that will encompass all Balkan countries.

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Background: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between kidney dimensions and creatinine clearance (Ccr) in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), nephrosclerosis (NSc), glomerulonephritis (GN), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and in healthy persons. The main objective was to find out at which stage of BEN the kidneys start to shrink. Methods: The study involved 84 patients with BEN, 39 with NSc, 56 with GN, 55 with DN, and 52 healthy subjects, allocated to group 1 (n = 28) sex- and age-matched with BEN/NSc patients, or group 2 (n = 24) sex- and age-matched with GN/DN patients. Based on Ccr, patients were classified according to the NKF/DOQI guidelines. Results: The kidney dimensions of BEN patients in all stages of the disease were significantly shorter than those of healthy controls and patients with GN and DN. In stages 3–5, BEN patients had significantly smaller kidneys than patients with NSc. Patients with NSc had smaller kidney dimensions than controls and GN/DN patients but all of these differences were not significant. Conclusion: BEN patients had significantly smaller kidneys than sex- and age-matched healthy persons and patients with GN and DN in all stages of the disease and patients with NSc in stages 3–5 of the disease.

We reported an extremely rare condition, which had been reported very few times in the literature. The importance of primitive artery persistence is in changed anatomical and physiological condition of cerebral circulation, that is especially important in surgical procedures.