Late in 2020, two genetically-distinct clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with mutations of biological concern were reported, one in the United Kingdom and one in South Africa. Using a combination of data from routine surveillance, genomic sequencing and international travel we track the international dispersal of lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 (variant 501Y-V2). We account for potential biases in genomic surveillance efforts by including passenger volumes from location of where the lineage was first reported, London and South Africa respectively. Using the software tool grinch (global report investigating novel coronavirus haplotypes), we track the international spread of lineages of concern with automated daily reports, Further, we have built a custom tracking website (cov-lineages.org/global_report.html) which hosts this daily report and will continue to include novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages of concern as they are detected.
Late in 2020, two genetically-distinct clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with mutations of biological concern were reported, one in the United Kingdom and one in South Africa. Using a combination of data from routine surveillance, genomic sequencing and international travel we track the international dispersal of lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 (variant 501Y-V2). We account for potential biases in genomic surveillance efforts by including passenger volumes from location of where the lineage was first reported, London and South Africa respectively. Using the software tool grinch (global report investigating novel coronavirus haplotypes), we track the international spread of lineages of concern with automated daily reports, Further, we have built a custom tracking website (cov-lineages.org/global_report.html) which hosts this daily report and will continue to include novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages of concern as they are detected.
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of community and healthcare infections, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is currently the most commonly identified antibiotic-resistant pathogen in many parts of the world. Patients, contaminated surfaces as well as health care workers can play a role as reservoirs for spread of MRSA in hospitals. A prospective cross-sectional study is conducted to to find out the prevalence of colonization of MRSA and bacterial contamination on the hands of health care providers and to report their antibiogram for appropriate decolonization therapy. Nasal and interdigital space swabs were collected from 60 health care providers (Doctors-36, staff nurse-14, ward boys-10) from burns ward. The Specimens were processed and suspected colonies of Staphylococcus aureus were identified by standard bacteriological techniques. The strains of MRSA were identified by using Cefoxitin (30mcg) disk on Muellier Hinton agar. Out of total 60 nasal swabs from HCP 30 (50%) yielded S. aureus of which 13(21.6%) were MRSA. Of 36 nasal swabs from Doctors 18(50%) were Staphylococcus aureus, with 7(38%) MRSA strains. Out of 14 staff nurses 8(57%) were S. aureus , where 4(50%) were MRSA. out of 10 ward boys 4 (40%) were S. aureus , of which 2 (50%)were MRSA. Out of the total 60 inter digital spaces 24 (40%)yielded S. aureus of which 10(41%) were MRSA and 24(40%) were contaminants. out of 36 Doctors 12(33.3%) were with S. aureus with 4(33) MRSA and 6 (16%) contaminants. Out of 14 staff nurses 7(50%) were S. aureus of which 3 (42%)were MRSA and contaminants were 8 (57%). Among the 10 ward boys 5 (50%)were S. aureus among this 3 (60%)were MRSA and 6 (60%) were contaminants. Most of the S. aureus strains were sensitive for clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ofloxacin Linezolid. All the MRSA carriers were given Clindamycin and their samples were recollected after 2 weeks which were found negative.
Objective: To qualitatively and quantitatively assess the microbial contamination of tooth brushes preserved in different sanitary settings before and after disinfection with 0.2% chlorhexidine. Materials and Method: The study was carried out in two phases among thirty participants visiting a dental hospital. These participants were assigned to one of the three groups based on the practice of preserving the tooth brush. Group 1: Participant's who preserved their brush outside the bathroom. Group 2: Participant's who preserved their brush within the bathroom without attached toilets. Group 3: Participants who preserved their brush within the bathroom with attached toilets. Participants were given oral hygiene kits containing a brush and paste in the first phase. The brush samples were collected on day thirty for qualitative and quantitative estimation of microbial contamination. In the second phase, participants were requested to rinse their brushes in 0.2% chlorhexidine after brushing and before placing it back. The mean CFU of different bacteria was compared using independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test. Results: The tooth brushes stored outside the bathrooms demonstrated the presence of Candida, Streptococci, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus. Pseudomonas, Candida, Streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus was demonstrable in the tooth brush samples of group 2. Pseudomonas, Candida, Streptococci, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus, Proteus and E.coli were all demonstrable in group 3. However, the disinfection with 0.2% chlorhexidine reduced the microbial load substantially. Conclusion: Rinsing the tooth brush with 0.2% chlorhexidine substantially reduced the microbial contamination in all the three settings.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), also known as testicular feminization, an X-linked recessive disorder comprises a wide range of phenotypes that are caused by various types of mutations in the androgen receptor gene. AIs can be classified as complete, partial, or mild based on the phenotypic presentation. The clinical findings include a female type of external genitalia, 46-XY karyotype, absence of Mullerian structures, presence of Wolffian structures to various degree, and normal to high testosterone and gonadotropin levels. We report this case as an interesting and rare syndrome. The patient is a 15-year-old phenotypic female who presented with primary amenorrhea and normal-appearing external genitalia. Orchidectomy was done after proper counselling and proper psychological support was given to her.
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