Aims. We investigate two multi-shell galactic supernova remnants (SNRs), Kes 79, and G352.7−0.1, to understand the causes of this morphology. Methods. The research was carried out based on new and reprocessed archival VLA observations and XMM-Newton archival data. The surrounding gas was investigated based on data extracted from the HI Canadian Galactic Plane Survey, the 13 CO Galactic Ring Survey, and the HI Southern Galactic Plane Survey.Results. The present study infers that the overall morphology of both SNRs is the result of the mass-loss history of their respective progenitor stars. Kes 79 is likely to be the product of the gravitational collapse of a massive O9 star evolving near a molecular cloud and within the precursor's wind-driven bubble, while G352.7−0.1 should be the result of interactions of the SNR with an asymmetric wind from the progenitor together with projection effects. No radio point source or pulsar wind nebula was found to be associated with the X-ray pulsar CXOU J185238.6+004020 in Kes 79. The X-ray study of G352.7−0.1 found that most of the thermal X-ray radiation completely fills the interior of the remnant and originates in heated ejecta. Characteristic parameters, such as radio flux, radio spectral index, age, distance, shock velocity, initial energy, and luminosity, were estimated for both SNRs.

The physical mechanisms that induce the transformation of a certain mass of gas in new stars are far from being well understood. Infrared bubbles associated with H ii regions have been considered to be good samples for investigating triggered star formation. In this paper we report on the investigation of the dust properties of the infrared bubble N4 around the H ii region G11.898+0.747, analyzing its interaction with its surroundings and star formation histories therein, with the aim of determining the possibility of star formation triggered by the expansion of the bubble. Using Herschel PACS and SPIRE images with a wide wavelength coverage, we reveal the dust properties over the entire bubble. Meanwhile, we are able to identify six dust clumps surrounding the bubble, with a mean size of 0.50 pc, temperature of about 22 K, mean column density of 1.7 ×10 22 cm −2 , mean volume density of about 4.4 ×10 4 cm −3 , and a mean mass of 320 M . In addition, from PAH emission seen at 8 µm, free-free emission detected at 20 cm and a probability density function in special regions, we could identify clear signatures of the influence of the H ii region on the surroundings. There are hints of star formation, though further investigation is required to demonstrate that N4 is the triggering source.

We perform a multiwavelength study toward the SNR G18.1-0.1 and nearby several HII regions (infrared dust bubbles N21 and N22, and the HII regions G018. 149-00.283 and G18.197-00.181). Our goal is to provide observational evidence supporting that massive stars usually born in clusters from the same molecular cloud, which then produce, along their evolution, different neighboring objects such as HII regions, interstellar bubbles and supernova remnants. We suggest that the objects analysed in this work belong to a same complex located at the distance of about 4 kpc. Using molecular data we inspected the interstellar medium toward this complex and from optical and X-ray observations we looked for OB-type stars in the region. Analysing public 13 CO J=1-0 data we found several molecular structures very likely related to the HII region/SNR complex. We suggest that the molecular gas is very likely being swept and shaped by the expansion of the HII regions. From spectroscopic optical observations obtained with the 2.15 m telescope at CASLEO, Argentina, we discovered three O-type stars very likely exciting the bubbles N21 and N22, and an uncatalogued HII region northward bubble N22, respectively. Also we found four B0-5 stars, one toward the bubble N22 and the others within the HII region G18.149-0.283. By inspecting the Chandra Source Catalog we found two point X-ray sources and we suggest that one of them is an early O-type star. Finally we inspected the large scale interstellar medium around this region. We discovered a big molecular shell of about 70 pc × 28 pc in which the analysed complex appears to be located in its southern border.

Aims. HESS J1858+020 is a weak γ-ray source that does not have any clear cataloged counterpart at any wavelengths. Recently, the source G35.6-0.4 was re-identified as a SNR. The HESS source lies towards the southern border of this remnant. The purpose of this work is to investigate the interstellar medium around the mentioned sources to look for possible counterparts of the very high energy emission. Methods. Using the 13 CO J = 1-0 line from the Galactic Ring Survey and mid-IR data from GLIMPSE we analyze the environs of HESS J1858+020 and SNR G35.6-0.4. Results. The 13 CO data show the presence of a molecular cloud towards the southern border of SNR G35.6-0.4 and at the same distance as the remnant. This cloud is composed of two molecular clumps, one over the SNR shell and the other located at the center of HESS J1858+020. We estimate a molecular mass and a density of ∼5 × 10 3 M and ∼500 cm −3 respectively for each clump. Considering the gamma-ray flux observed towards HESS J1858+020, we estimate that a molecular cloud with a density of at least 150 cm −3 could explain the very high energy emission hadronically. Thus, we suggest that the γ-ray emission detected in HESS J1858+020 is due to hadronic mechanism. Additionally, analyzing mid-IR emission, we find that the region is active in star formation, which could be considered as an alternative or complementary possibility to explain the very high energy emission.

Aims. As part of a systematic study that we are performing to increase the observational evidence of triggered star formation in the surroundings of HII regions, we analyze the ISM around the HII region G35.673-00.847, a poorly studied source. Methods. Using data from the large-scale surveys Two Micron All Sky Survey, Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE), MIPSGAL, Galactic Ring Survey (GRS), VLA Galactic Plane Survey (VGPS), and NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS), we performed a multiwavelength study of G35.673-00.847 and its surroundings. Results. The mid-IR emission shows that G35.673-00.847 has an almost semi-ring like shape with a cut towards the galactic west. The radius of this semi-ring is about 1. 5 (∼1.6 pc, at the distance of ∼3.7 kpc). The distance was estimated from an HI absorption study and the analysis of the molecular gas. We find a molecular shell composed of several clumps distributed around the HII region, suggesting that its expansion is collecting the surrounding material. We identify several YSO candidates across the molecular shell. Finally, comparing the HII region dynamical age and the fragmentation time of the molecular shell, we discard the so-called collect and collapse as being the mechanism responsible for the YSO formation, suggesting that other processes such as radiative-driven implosion and/or small-scale Jeans gravitational instabilities operate.

Abstract. We present the results of a new high-resolution study of the molecular gas associated with the supernova remnants (SNRs) G349.7+0.2 and G18.8+0.3. The observations were performed with the SEST telescope in the 12 CO J = 1-0, 2-1 and 3-2 lines (beams of 45 , 23 and 15 , respectively). The present observations have provided, for the two SNRs, new evidence in support of the existence of physical interaction between the SN shocks and the adjoining molecular clouds. In the case of G349.7+0.2, the new observations revealed for the first time the internal structure of the shocked cloud, as well as the kinematical consequences of the impact of the SNR shock on the molecular cloud. From these observations we were able to constrain the conditions of the pre-shocked gas. The molecular cloud associated with G349.7+0.2, centered near v LSR = +16.2 km s −1 , has a linear size of about 7 pc, a mass of ∼10 4 M and a volume density of ∼10 3 cm −3 . The high line ratios derived are indicative of the existence of shocks in the cloud. From the asymmetries observed in the line shapes we propose that the SN shock cloud is running into the denser part of the cloud and has probably begun to disrupt it, pushing the eastern component clumps away from us, and the western fragments toward us. After comparing our estimates of the column density of the intervening gas with similar calculations based on ASCA X-rays spectral fitting we conclude that the best way to make these results compatible is by assuming that the associated cloud is placed behind G349.7+0.2 along the line of sight, and the SNR/molecular cloud encounter is taking place on the far side of the SNR. This model also provides a natural explanation for the lack of strong X-ray absorption in the central region of G349.7+0.2. Evaporation of part of the associated cloud must be responsible for the central X-ray emission. The comparison with IRAS infrared data provides additional support for the hypothesis of SNR/cloud physical interaction. From the study of the molecular gas in the neighborhood of the five OH (1720 MHz) masers detected in G349.7+0.2 we find that in three cases the maser peak velocity coincides with the local CO peak velocity, while in the remaining two cases the maser peak velocity agrees with a secondary, blended CO component. We conclude that the masers are excited at the sites where a non-dissociative C-type shock, locally transverse to the line of sight (or forming a large angle with it), hits a denser molecular clump. For the SNR G18.8+0.3, the new higher resolution observations have revealed excellent morphological agreement between one of the cloud components and the SNR shock front towards the eastern limb. The associated molecular mass is estimated to be ∼4.4 × 10 4 M and the cloud volume density ∼1200 cm −3 . The analysis of the line ratios in this case revealed a maximum of R 2−1/1−0 = 1.25 at a position that exactly matches an indentation in the radio continuum emission in the remnant's shell, providing additional evidence of SNR/molecular clo...

Aims. We investigate the environment of the infrared dust bubble N65 and search for evidence of triggered star formation in its surroundings.Methods. We performed a multiwavelength study of the region around N65 with data taken from large-scale surveys: Two Micron All Sky Survey, GLIMPSE, MIPSGAL, SCUBA, and GRS. We analyzed the distribution of the molecular gas and dust in the environment of N65 and performed infrared photometry and spectral analysis of point sources to search for young stellar objects and identify the ionizing star candidates. Results. We found a molecular cloud that appears to be fragmented into smaller clumps along the N65 PDR. This indicates that the so-called collect and collapse process may be occurring. Several young stellar objects are distributed among the molecular clumps. They may represent a second generation of stars whose formation was triggered by the bubble expanding into the molecular gas. We identified O-type stars inside N65, which are the most reliable ionizing star candidates.

Aims. This work aims at investigating the molecular gas component in the vicinity of two young stellar object (YSO) candidates identified at the border of the HII region G034.8-0.7 that is evolving within a molecular cloud shocked by the SNR W44. The purpose is to explore signatures of star forming activity in this complex region. Methods. We performed a near and mid infrared study towards the border of the HII region G034.8-0.7 and observed a 90 ×90 region near 18 h 56 m 48 s , +01 • 18 45 (J2000) using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE) in the 12 CO J = 3−2, 13 CO J = 3−2, HCO + J = 4−3 and CS J = 7−6 lines with an angular resolution of 22 . Results. Based on the infrared study we propose that the source 2MASS 18564827+0118471 (IR1 in this work) is a YSO candidate. We discovered a bipolar 12 CO outflow in the direction of the line of sight and a HCO + clump towards IR1, confirming that it is a YSO. From the detection of the CS J = 7−6 line we infer the presence of high density (>10 7 cm −3 ) and warm (>60 K) gas towards IR1, probably belonging to the protostellar envelope where the YSO is forming. We investigated the possible connection of IR1 with the SNR and the HII region. By comparing the dynamical time of the outflows and the age of the SNR W44, we conclude that the possibility that the SNR triggered the formation of IR1 is unlikely. On the other hand, we suggest that the expansion of the HII region G034.8-0.7 is responsible for the formation of IR1 through the "collect and collapse" process.