The far-infrared absorption for two types of silica glasses ͑containing р1 ppm and ϳ200 ppm of OH͒ has been quantitatively investigated in the region 10-100 cm Ϫ1 at room temperature. An absorption coefficient ␣͑͒ increased with increasing OH content and a broad peak on a plot of ␣()/ 2 vs , corresponding to a ''boson peak'' shifted from 41 to 36 cm Ϫ1 . The OH-related absorption increase ⌬␣͑͒, showed a monotonic increase with frequency in contrast to that previously published. The rate of the absorption increase ⌬␣͑͒/ ␣͑͒ showed a rapid decrease with frequency obeying a power-law ϰ Ϫ1.7 between ϳ17 and 51 cm Ϫ1 , whereas it decreased very slowly below ϳ17 cm Ϫ1 . It is suggested on the basis of a noncontinuous network model for the glass that OH ions are not uniformly distributed in silica glass. The light-vibration coupling coefficient determined experimentally is briefly discussed by some models proposed before. ͓S0163-1829͑98͒03009-4͔It is well known that glasses exhibit physical properties significantly different from crystalline solids, particularly in the low-energy region 1ϳ10 meV, for example, the excess of the low-frequency vibration density of states ͑VDOS͒ not described by the Debye approximation, low-temperature excess heat capacity, plateau in low-temperature thermal conductivity, low-frequency light scattering, far-infrared ͑FIR͒ absorption, etc. 1,2 These anomalous and universal properties are thought to be related to intermediate range order in glasses, but its origin is not yet clear. Silica glass is the most representative and probably most widely studied glass in amorphous solids. The low-energy properties in silica glass, and the effects of OH content on bulk properties such as dielectric constant, refractive index, density, elastic behavior, and thermal conductivity have also been studied. 3-5 Water in silica glass plays an important role and is associated with differences in physical and structural properties.Although the FIR absorption measurements on silica glass have been extensively made, 2,6-8 there are still discrepancies as to the frequency dependence of absorption coefficients ␣͑͒, in particular in the low-frequency region below ϳ30 cm Ϫ1 , and as to peak values in ␣()/ 2 vs plot, corresponding to ''boson peaks.'' Stolen 2 measured FIR absorption and low-frequency Raman scattering in SiO 2 , GeO 2 , and B 2 O 3 glasses, and indicated a similarity between the FIR absorption and Raman scattering in glasses. Hutt and co-workers 6 measured the FIR absorption on Spectrosil WF ͑a few ppm of OH͒ and Spectrosil B ͑ϳ1200 ppm of OH͒ at room temperature, 200 K, and 80 K using a FIR laser at intervals between 20 and 100 cm Ϫ1 ͑see Fig. 1, where open squares are for Spectrosil WF, plus signs for Spectrosil B͒. They found that the FIR absorption of Spectrosil WF was independent of temperature, and the existence of OH in silica glass increased the FIR absorption. They furthermore reported that this OH-related FIR absorption decreases with decreasing temperature. Ahmad 9 showed a similarity between...
We used micro-PIXE to investigate the distribution of Cs and Rb in rice grains. We succeeded, for the first time, in measuring the elemental distributions in entire rice grains (with dimensions of 6.25 mm [Formula: see text] 6.25 mm) at micrometer spatial resolution. We found that Cs and Rb accumulated in the bran and germ of the rice. The distributions of P, K, Rb and Cs were similar within the rice grain. The concentrations of Cs and Rb in the rice were proportional to those in the soil, as well as to the exposure time. The uptake of Rb was significantly larger than that of Cs. Furthermore, the behavior of Rb was similar to that of Cs in the micrometer-scale regions in plants. It follows that the distribution of Rb can be used to investigate the behavior of radioactive Cs in plants.
A lot of radiocesium had been deposited onto pastures and grasslands following Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident. More radiocesium was accumulated in root-mat horizon than in both above ground plant bodies and mineral soils. In this study, factors causing higher radiocesium concentrations in root-mat horizon were evaluated by the addition of stable cesium solution and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis. Results suggest that adsorption onto root surfaces played a significant role in Cs accumulation in root-mat horizon. Furthermore, absorption of Cs was key to its long-term preservation. The adsorption of Cs by clay minerals also contributed to its retention. A slow water infiltration rate may also affect the enrichment of radiocesium in root-mat horizon. Based on these results, it is concluded that both biotic and abiotic factors contributed to the effective retention of radiocesium in root-mat horizons following the FDNPP accident.
In this paper, we developed a technique for analyzing individual PM2.5 particles using micro-PIXE. PM2.5, a designation for extremely small particulate matter (PM) in the air, has recently become the center of attention because high levels of PM2.5 were recorded in parts of western Japan, especially Fukuoka Prefecture, in January 2013. For a better understanding of their formation mechanism, analysis of individual particles is indispensable. We collected PM2.5 on a [Formula: see text] thick Prolene foil using a multi-nozzle cascade impactor at Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka, Japan. Its elemental analysis was carried out using a micro-PIXE system at Tohoku University. Although elemental concentration ratios of scanned areas were similar, those of individual particles were quite different from each other. Elemental concentration ratios for individual particles were categorized into five groups, indicating that the PM2.5 particles came from at least five different sources. Although elemental concentrations obtained by averaging over single particles formed in different processes will lose detailed information, we were able to derive comprehensive elemental compositions of individual PM2.5 particles using our novel technique. The individual particle analysis technique for PM2.5 will provide important information to identify pollution sources and particle formation mechanisms.
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