A total of 1,480 pigs were used in 3 experiments to determine the effects of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) varying in oil content on growth performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 1,198 pigs (PIC Line 337 × 1050; initially 46.1 kg) were allotted to a corn-soybean meal-based diet or diets with 20 or 40% of a 5.4% oil DDGS (29.5% CP, 8.9% ADF, and 21.8% NDF; as-fed basis) or a 9.6% oil DDGS (29.6% CP, 15.3% ADF, and 28.6% NDF; as-fed basis). From d 0 to 82, ADG was unaffected by DDGS source or level. However, increasing 5.4% oil DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.01) G:F, whereas G:F did not change among pigs fed 9.6% oil DDGS (DDGS source × level interaction; P < 0.01). Regardless of DDGS source, carcass yield and HCW decreased (linear, P < 0.04) with increasing DDGS. Increasing DDGS increased jowl iodine value (IV), but the magnitude was greater in pigs fed the 9.6% oil DDGS compared with those fed 5.4% oil DDGS (DDGS source × level interaction; P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, 270 pigs (PIC Line 327 × 1050; initially 46.5 kg) were allotted a corn-soybean meal-based diet or diets with 20 or 40% of a 9.4% oil DDGS (29.4% CP, 19.6% ADF, and 34.5% NDF; as-fed basis) or a 12.1% oil DDGS (28.5% CP, 17.6% ADF, and 31.4% NDF; as-fed basis). From d 0 to 75, ADG increased and then decreased for pigs fed 9.4% oil DDGS but was unchanged for pigs fed 12.1% oil DDGS (quadratic interaction, P < 0.02). Increasing DDGS increased (linear, P < 0.01) jowl IV and tended (linear, P < 0.07) to increase G:F. Regardless of source, HCW and carcass yield decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as DDGS increased. In Exp. 3, nutrient digestibility of the 4 DDGS sources was determined using pigs fed either a corn-based basal diet (96.6% corn and 3.4% vitamins and minerals) or a DDGS diet with 50% basal diet and 50% DDGS. On an as-fed basis, corn contained 3,871 and 3,515 kcal/kg GE and DE, respectively. The 5.4, 9.6, 9.4, and 12.1% oil DDGS contained 4,347, 4,648, 4,723, and 4,904 kcal/kg (as-fed basis) GE and 3,417, 3,690, 3,838, and 3,734 kcal/kg DE, respectively (as-fed basis). Stepwise regression indicated that the oil (ether extract) content was the only significant variable to explain differences in energy content. The equations generated to predict DE and NE as a function of oil content on an as-fed basis were DE (kcal/kg) = 62.347 × ether extract (%) + 3,058.13 (n = 5, adjusted R(2) = 0.41) and NE (kcal/kg) = 115.011 × ether extract (%) + 1,501.01 (n = 5, adjusted R(2) = 0.86).
A total of 576 mixed-sex pigs (PIC 327 × 1,050; initial BW = 55.8 ± 5.5 kg) were used to determine the effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) and wheat middlings (midds) withdrawal 24 d before harvest in diets without or with ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. From d 0 to 49, pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet (CS) or a diet high in unsaturated fat and crude fiber provided by 30% DDGS and 19% wheat midds (HFF) and not balanced for energy. On d 49, pens of pigs previously fed CS diets remained on the CS diet. Half of the HFF-fed pigs were switched to the CS-based diets, which served as the withdrawal regimen. Finally, half of the HFF-fed pigs remained on the same HFF diet. All 3 regimens were fed without or with 10 mg/kg RAC. There were 12 pens per treatment with 8 pigs per pen. No significant diet regimen × RAC interactions were observed. From d 0 to 49, pigs fed the CS diet had increased (P < 0.001) ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed the HFF diet. Overall (d 0 to 73), pigs fed the CS diets throughout had greater (P < 0.001) ADG and G:F than those fed the HFF diets throughout. Pigs fed the withdrawal diets had greater (P = 0.014) ADG, but similar G:F to those fed the HFF diets throughout. Pigs fed the CS diets throughout had greater (P = 0.025) carcass yield compared with pigs fed the HFF diets throughout, with those fed the withdrawal diets intermediate. Pigs fed RAC had greater (P < 0.001) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield (P = 0.061 than pigs not fed RAC. Jowl, backfat, belly, and leaf fat iodine value (IV) were lowest (P < 0.001) for pigs fed the CS diets, highest (P < 0.015) for those fed HFF diets throughout, and intermediate for pigs fed the withdrawal diet. There were no differences in either full or rinsed intestine or organ weights between pigs that were fed CS diets throughout and pigs fed the withdrawal diet; however, pigs fed the HFF diets throughout the study had increased (P = 0.002) rinsed cecum and full large intestine weights (P = 0.003) compared with the pigs fed the withdrawal diets. Withdrawing the HFF diet and switching to a CS diet for the last 24 d before harvest partially mitigated negative effects on carcass yield and IV often associated with high-fat, high-fiber ingredients such as DDGS and wheat midds. Feeding RAC for the last 24 d before market, regardless of dietary regimen, improved growth performance and carcass yield.
SummaryEnergy concentration in livestock feed is often altered to optimize pig growth performance and feed cost; therefore, an accurate prediction of growth performance as affected by feeding different energy levels is crucial. Data from 41 trials from 17 journal articles, 10 technical memos, and a thesis were used to develop a regression equation to predict ADG or gain to feed (G:F) as influenced by BW and NE content. Linear and quadratic terms of NE, average BW, CP, standardized ileal digestible [SID] lysine, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, fat, and ash, including their interaction terms, were the variables in the regression analysis. Our regression analysis showed that improvements in growth rate and feed efficiency could be obtained by increasing dietary NE across a wide variety of trials with different dietary ingredients and under different environmental conditions, but the magnitude of improvement in growth performances by dietary NE can be minimized if the amino acids are limiting. Regression equations from this paper can be used to predict the influence of dietary NE on ADG and G:F; however, these equations still need validation from growth studies not included in their development.
Tokach, Michael D.; Dritz, Steven S.; DeRouchey, Joel M.; Nitikanchana, Sureemas; and Updike, J J. (2013) "Effects of low-, medium-, and high-oil dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fat quality in finishing pigs," Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 0: Iss. 10. https://doi.org/ 10. 4148/2378-5977.7032 Effects of low-, medium-, and high-oil dried distillers grains with solubles on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fat quality in finishing pigs AbstractA total of 1,480 pigs were used in 3 experiments to determine the effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) varying in oil content on growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 1,198 pigs (PIC 337 Ã-1050, initially 101.6 lb) were used to evaluate the effects of corn DDGS with 5.4 or 9.6% oil (as-fed). Pigs were allotted to a cornsoybean mealâ€"based control diet or diets with 20 or 40% of the two DDGS sources. From d 0 to 82, ADG was unaffected by DDGS source or level. Increasing 5.4% oil DDGS made F/G poorer (linear, P < 0.01), whereas F/G did not change for pigs fed 9.6% oil DDGS. Regardless of DDGS source, carcass yield and HCW decreased (linear, P < 0.04) with increasing DDGS. Increasing DDGS increased jowl iodine value (IV), but the magnitude was greater in pigs fed the 9.6% oil DDGS compared with those fed 5.4% oil DDGS (DDGS source Ã-level interaction; P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of 270 pigs (PIC 327 Ã-1050, initially 102.5 lb) were allotted a corn-soybean mealâ€"based control diet with 20 or 40% of a 9.4% oil or 12.1% oil DDGS. From d 0 to 75, ADG increased for pigs fed increasing 9.4% oil DDGS but not for pigs fed 12.1% oil DDGS (quadratic interaction, P < 0.02). Increasing DDGS increased (linear, P < 0.01) jowl IV and tended (linear, P < 0.07) to improve F/G. Regardless of source, HCW and carcass yield decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as DDGS increased. In Exp. 3, nutrient digestibility of the 4 DDGS sources was determined using pigs fed either a corn-based basal diet or a DDGS diet with 50% basal diet and 50% DDGS. On an as-fed basis, corn contained 1,756 and 1,594 kcal/lb GE and DE, respectively. The 5.4, 9.6, 9.4, and 12.1% oil DDGS contained 1,972, 2,108, 2,142, and 2,224 kcal/lb (as-fed) GE and 1,550, 1,674, 1,741, and 1,694 kcal/lb DE, respectively (as-fed). Stepwise regression indicated that the oil (ether extract) content was the only significant variable in explaining differences in energy content, and that a 1% change in oil content will change the DE by 28 kcal/lb (Adjusted R2 = 0.41) and NE by 52 kcal/lb (Adjusted R2 = 0.86; as-fed SummaryA total of 1,480 pigs were used in 3 experiments to determine the effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) varying in oil content on growth performance, carcass characteristics, carcass fat quality, and nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 1,198 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 1...
A total of 288 mixed-sex pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 68.9 kg BW) were used in a 67-d study to determine the effects of increasing medium-oil dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 7.63% ether extract, 30.1% CP, 19.53% ADF, 36.47% NDF, and 4.53% ash; as-fed basis) on growth performance and carcass traits in finishing pigs. Treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal control diet or the control diet with 15, 30, or 45% medium-oil DDGS. Diets were fed over 2 phases (69 to 100 and 100 to 126 kg) and were not balanced for energy. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed the AA, vitamin, and mineral requirements and contained constant standardized ileal digestible lysine levels within phase. Increasing medium-oil DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADG and G:F. Average daily gain decreased approximately 2.3% for every 15% added medium-oil DDGS whereas G:F decreased approximately 1.3% with every 15% added DDGS. In addition, final BW, HCW, carcass yield, and loin-eye depth decreased (linear, P < 0.03) and jowl iodine value (IV) increased (linear, P < 0.001) with increasing medium-oil DDGS. Nutrient digestibility of the DDGS source was determined using pigs (initially 25.6 kg BW) that were fed either a corn-based basal diet (96.6% corn and 3.4% vitamins and minerals) or a DDGS diet, which was a 50:50 blend of the basal diet and medium-oil DDGS. There were 12 replications for each diet consisting of a 5-d adaptation period followed by 2 d of total fecal collection on a timed basis. Feces were analyzed for GE, DM, CP, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, and ether extract. On an as-fed basis, corn was analyzed to contain 3,871 and 3,515 kcal/kg GE and DE, respectively. Medium-oil DDGS was analyzed to contain 4,585 and 3,356 kcal/kg GE and DE, respectively (as-fed basis). Digestibility coefficients of the medium-oil DDGS were 70.3% DM, 82.9% CP, 61.4% ether extract, 77.4% ADF, 67.5% NDF, and 67.2% crude fiber. Caloric efficiency (ADFI × kcal energy intake/kg BW gain) was not different when expressed on a DE or a calculated ME or NE basis, which suggests that the energy values derived from the nutrient balance study were accurate. In conclusion, increasing dietary inclusion of medium-oil DDGS decreased ADG, G:F, final BW, HCW, and carcass yield and increased jowl fat IV relative to those fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet.
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